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Cytokine levels of sera from SPF chickens (A–D) and chicken survival after challenge (E). Cytokines released into the blood of SPF chickens that were bled before and after challenge. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) (A), interleukin-2 (IL-2) (B), interleukin-4 (IL-4) (C), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (D) were detected. Bars represent the mean ± standard error value of each group (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).
