Table 3.
Observed and modeled dietary intakes for the dairy fat following the removal of dairy fat, NHANES 2013–2016.
| Mean (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Observed | Model 1a (remove) | Model 2b (remove) | |
| Consumers of dairy fat only (n = 12,831) | |||
| Macronutrients | |||
| Energy, kcal | 2,133 (2,108, 2,157) | 1,397 (1,379, 1,416)*** | 1,545 (1,524, 1,565)*** |
| Protein, %E | 15.7 (15.5, 16) | 13.9 (13.6, 14.2)** | 14.5 (14.2, 14.8) |
| Total fat, %E | 35.1 (34.7, 35.4) | 31.3 (30.9, 31.7)** | 32.5 (32.1, 32.8) |
| Saturated fat, %E | 11.8 (11.6, 11.9) | 8.7 (8.6, 8.8)*** | 9.7 (9.5, 9.8)*** |
| PUFA, %E | 7.9 (7.8, 8) | 8.3 (8.2, 8.4) | 8.2 (8, 8.3) |
| MUFA, %E | 12.1 (11.9, 12.2) | 11.3 (11.2, 11.5) | 11.6 (11.4, 11.7) |
| Dairy fat, %E | 6.5 (6.3, 6.7) | 0 (0, 0)*** | 2 (1.9, 2.2)*** |
| Carbohydrate, %E | 48.1 (47.7, 48.5) | 52.7 (52.2, 53.2) | 51.2 (50.7, 51.7) |
| Added sugar, %E | 13.2 (12.9, 13.5) | 16.1 (15.7, 16.5)*** | 15.2 (14.8, 15.7)*** |
| Micronutrients | |||
| Calcium, mg | 1,014 (998, 1,030) | 720 (702, 737)*** | 801 (787, 814)*** |
| Vitamin D, mcg | 5.1 (5, 5.2) | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8)*** | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6)*** |
| Fiber, g | 16.5 (16.2, 16.9) | 18.2 (17.8, 18.7) | 17.6 (17.2, 18) |
| Potassium, mg | 2,553 (2,517, 2,590) | 2,637 (2,568, 2,706) | 2,589 (2,543, 2,634) |
| Vitamin A, mcg | 657 (638, 675) | 484 (457, 511)*** | 532 (510, 554)*** |
| Thiamin, mg | 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.5, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.5, 1.6) |
| Riboflavin, mg | 2.2 (2.1, 2.2) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9)*** | 1.9 (1.9, 1.9)* |
| Niacin, mg | 24.7 (24.4, 25.1) | 25.5 (24.9, 26.1) | 25.3 (24.8, 25.8) |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 2.1 (2, 2.1) | 2.1 (2, 2.1) | 2.1 (2, 2.1) |
| Vitamin B12, mcg | 4.9 (4.8, 5) | 3.5 (3.4, 3.6)*** | 4 (3.9, 4.1)*** |
| Folic acid mcg | 392 (385, 398) | 367 (360, 374) | 374 (367, 382) |
a
Model 1 removes all dairy fat. Model 2 removes up to 5% dairy fat for each individual.
b
Asterisks indicate statistical significance comparing whether Modeled changes are a 10% change from observed diets;
***
p < 0.001;
**
0.001 < p < 0.01;
*
0.01 < p < 0.05.