Table 5.
Observed and modeled dietary intakes for dairy fat consumers following the replacement of dairy fat with PUFA/MUFA, NHANES, 2013–2016.
| Mean (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Observed | Model 1a (swap) | Model 2b (swap) | |
| Consumers of dairy fat only (n= 12,831) | |||
| Macronutrients | |||
| Energy, kcal | 2,133 (2,108, 2,157) | 2,172 (2,147, 2,196) | 2,155 (2,130, 2,179) |
| Protein, %E | 15.7 (15.5, 16) | 16.2 (15.9, 16.4) | 16 (15.8, 16.2) |
| Total fat, %E | 35.1 (34.7, 35.4) | 35.1 (34.7, 35.4) | 35.1 (34.7, 35.4) |
| Saturated fat, %E | 11.8 (11.6, 11.9) | 9.2 (9.1, 9.3)*** | 10.4 (10.3, 10.5)*** |
| PUFA, %E | 7.9 (7.8, 8) | 9.6 (9.5, 9.7)*** | 8.8 (8.7, 8.9)*** |
| MUFA, %E | 12.1 (11.9, 12.2) | 13.1 (12.9, 13.2) | 12.6 (12.5, 12.8) |
| Dairy fat, %E | 6.5 (6.3, 6.7) | 0 (0, 0)*** | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2)*** |
| Carbohydrate, %E | 48.1 (47.7, 48.5) | 47.9 (47.4, 48.3) | 47.9 (47.5, 48.3) |
| Added sugar, %E | 13.2 (12.9, 13.5) | 12.3 (12, 12.6) | 12.6 (12.3, 12.9) |
| Micronutrients | |||
| Calcium, mg | 1,014 (998, 1,030) | 666 (656, 676)*** | 815 (804, 827)*** |
| Vitamin D, mcg | 5.1 (5, 5.2) | 3.6 (3.4, 3.7)*** | 4.1 (4, 4.3)*** |
| Fiber, g | 16.5 (16.2, 16.9) | 18.4 (18.1, 18.8) | 17.7 (17.4, 18.1) |
| Potassium, mg | 2,553 (2,517, 2,590) | 2,614 (2,580, 2,648) | 2,586 (2,553, 2,620) |
| Vitamin A, mcg | 657 (638, 675) | 571 (555, 586)*** | 602 (585, 619) |
| Thiamin, mg | 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.6, 1.6) |
| Riboflavin, mg | 2.2 (2.1, 2.2) | 1.8 (1.8, 1.8)*** | 2 (1.9, 2) |
| Niacin, mg | 24.7 (24.4, 25.1) | 27.3 (27, 27.7) | 26.2 (25.8, 26.5) |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 2.1 (2, 2.1) | 2.1 (2.1, 2.1) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.2) |
| Vitamin B12, mcg | 4.9 (4.8, 5) | 4.2 (4.2, 4.3)*** | 4.5 (4.4, 4.5) |
| Folic acid mcg | 392 (385, 398) | 389 (383, 395) | 388 (382, 394) |
a
Model 1 replaces all dairy fat. Model 2 replaces up to 5% dairy fat for each individual.
b
Asterisks indicate statistical significance comparing whether Modeled changes are a 10% change from observed diets;
***
p < 0.001.