Table 3.
List of autonomic measures for studies included in the review.
| References | n (PE/control) | Autonomic measure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PE | Control | |||
| BIOMARKERS | ||||
| Egerman et al. (21) | 12/12 | NPY (ng/mL) | 33.3 ± 3.6 | 32.2 ± 3.5 |
| Manyonda et al. (22) | 12/26 | Venous NE (ng/ml) | 1.93 (0.20)* | 1.15 (0.12) |
| Venous EPI (ng/ml) | 0.25 (0.035)* | 0.23 (0.033) | ||
| Cord NE venous plasma (ng/ml) | 1.94 (0.26)* | 1.16 (0.09) | ||
| Cord NE arterial (ng/ml) | 2.95 (0.97)* | 1.8 (0.18) | ||
| Øian et al. (23) | 13/13 | Arterial EPI (ng/ml) | 125 (24)* | 43 (5) |
| Arterial EPI (ng/ml) | 337 (39)* | 243 (19) | ||
| Arterial dopamine (ng/ml) | 214 (77)* | 32 (6) | ||
| venous NE (ng/ml) | 67 (10)* | 37 (6) | ||
| venous NE (ng/ml) | 299 (38) | 256 (24) | ||
| venous dopamine (ng/ml) | 73 (11)* | 41 (7) | ||
| Beilin et al. (24) | 8/10 | Plasma renin activity (ng/ml/h) | 2.22* | 7.55 (10) |
| Plasma angiotensin 2 | 28.36* | 57.9 | ||
| Free plasma EPI | 0.028* | 0.024 | ||
| Free plasma NE | 0.308 | 0.229 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR REFLEX TESTS | ||||
| Chaswal et al. (25) | 40/40 | 30:15 (OS) | 1.13 (0.11) | 1.22 (0.11)* |
| HR (DB) (bpm) | 13.48 (6.12) | 22.6 (8.18)* | ||
| SDNN, ms | 26.17 (2.7) | 34.98 (1.1)* | ||
| RMSSD, ms | 18.04 (2.33) | 34.68 (2.62)* | ||
| LF, ms2 | 125.56 (19.36) | 192.9 (19.7)* | ||
| LF/HF | 2.9 (2.4)* | 1.7 (1.5) | ||
| HF, ms2 | 132.28 (37.8) | 447.24 (63)* | ||
| Lakhno (26) | 76/30 | SDNN, ms | 92.99 (10)* | 111.8 (14.1) |
| RMSSD, ms | 19.5 (5.5)* | 41.6 (8.5) | ||
| LF, ms2 | 271 (51.6)* | 349.5 ± 42.6 | ||
| HF, ms2 | 90.85 (17.5)* | 375.4 ± 56.1 | ||
| LF/HF | 3.35 (0.85)* | 0.9 ± 0.3 | ||
| Musa et al. (27) | 60/60 | LF Norm, ms2 | 49.80 (16.25)* | 44.55 (19.15) |
| Ln LF/HF | 0.04 (0.68)* | −0.28 (0.91) | ||
| HF norm, ms2 | 45.08 (15.29)* | 55.87 (19.56) | ||
| Ln LF | 4.01 (1.58)* | 3.49 (1.23) | ||
| Flood et al. (28) | 27/332 | HF-HRV, geometric mean | 363 (197, 668) | 358 (314, 408) |
| LF-BPV (SBP), geometric mean (95% CI) | 8.9 (7.0, 11.3) | 9.7 (9.1, 10.3) | ||
| LF-BPV (DBP), geometric mean (95% CI) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.3) | 4.1 (3.9, 4.4) | ||
| Yokuşoglu et al. (29) | 34/29 | SDNN, ms | 109 ± 52* | 130 ± 56 |
| SDANN, ms | 80 ± 33* | 108 ± 37 | ||
| HRV-triangular index | 27 ± 9* | 32 ± 10 | ||
| Swansburg et al. (30) | 9/18 | PNS(HF/TP) | 0.22 (0.15)* | 0.11 (0.14) |
| SNS(HF/LF) lying to standing | 1.6–4.5* | 1.9–2.8 | ||
| Rang et al. (31) | 8/30 | Phase difference in the supine position LF | 8 week = 77 (18)* | 64 (15) |
| 12 week = 77 (22)* | 61 (19) | |||
| 20 week = 79 (37)* | 63 (30) | |||
| OS- Delta MAP-, mmhg | 16 week = 26 (18–33)* | 15 (10–17) | ||
| 20 week = 30 (24–37)* | 12 (10–20) | |||
| Miyake et al. (32) | 17/138 | TPR (%) postural change | 45 (4)* | 18 (10) |
| SBP (%) postural change | −7.5 (0.8)* | −5 (0.5) | ||
| HF (%) postural change | −50 (19)* | 48 (20) | ||
| LF/HF (%) postural change | 390 (210)* | 80 (20) | ||
| Woisetschläger et al. (33) | 10/113 | CP-SBP, mmHg | 14.2 (5.5)* | 8.5 (7.2) |
| CP-DBP, mmHg | 7.3 (4.9)* | 3.9 (4.7) | ||
| Yang et al. (34) | 17/17 | Ln (LF/HF) | 1 (1.3)* | 0.3 (0.5) |
| LF% (nu) | 60 (65)* | 55 (60) | ||
| Ln HF, ms2 | 3.57 (0.4) | 5.79 (0.22)* | ||
| Lewinsky and Riskin-Mashiah (35) | 15/25 | VLF, s2/Hz | 288 (214)/556 (322)* | 281 (225)/278 (194) |
| HF, s2/Hz | 78 (79)/78 (78) | 52 (52)/49(59) | ||
| TP, s2/Hz | 544 (322)/878 (397)* | 472 (341)/475 (291) | ||
| Eneroth and Storck (36) | 15/15 | Average R-R interval (24h), ms | 770 ± 133* | 690 ± 50 |
| LF power (24 h), ms | 925 ± 362 | 839 ± 288 | ||
| HF power (24 h) | 597 ± 742 | 655 ± 337 | ||
| Average R-R interval, ms (daytime) | 736 ± 132* | 642 ± 47 | ||
| Average R-R interval, ms (night time) | 824 ± 159 | 789 ± 77 | ||
| Ahmad et al. (37) | •16/78 •1st trimester = 25 |
Rate of HR change (bpm) | 0.83 (0.16)* | 1st = 0.94 (0.13) |
| •2nd trimester = 25 | 2nd = 0.9 (0.14) | |||
| •3rd trimester = 28 | 3rd = 0.72 (0.13)* | |||
| Lying BP, mmHg | 135/90 ± 13/6 | 3rd:105/64 ± 15/11 | ||
| Standing BP, mmHg | 146/100 ± 17/14 | 111/70 ± 12/6 | ||
| Delta HR, bpm | 12 (3)* | 3rd = 16 (3) | ||
| Airaksinen et al. (38) | 14/11 | OS-30:15 ratio | 1.15 (0.17)* | 1.39 (0.14) |
| DB-HR, bpm | 12 (4)* | 18 (6) | ||
| SBP standing up, mmHg | −11 (32) | 4 (12) | ||
| Fischer et al. (39) | 6/16 | MSNA (burst/min) | M1: 21 (9)*, M2: 29 (14)* vs. postpartum M3: 9 (5) | |
| Gestational MSNA, burst/min | M1: 21 (5), M2: 27 (6), M3: 7 (4) |
M1: 21 (11), M2: 30 (16), M3: 9 (6) |
||
| Greenwood et al. (40) | 11/11 | s-MSNA (impulses/100 beats) | PE = 62 (10.8)* | 39 (7.7), PIH: 128 (23.4)* |
| MSNA (bursts/100 beats) | PE = 51 (7.1) | 28 (2.3)*, PIH:62 (3.8)* |
||
| Schobel et al. (41) | 9/8 | SNA, bursts per min | 33 (3)* | 10 (1) |
| MSNA, burst/min | 6 PE –During preg: 36 (4)* vs. after delivery: 13 (2)* | |||
| Weber et al. (42) | 24/72 Early onset: 10/30 Late onset: 14/42 |
SDNN, ms | 46.5 ± 17.4* late 33.2 ± 10.7 early 41.0 ± 16.1 all |
37.1 ± 12.2 late 35.2 ± 9.9 early 36.5 ± 11.2 all |
| RMSSD, ms | 33.3 ± 18.9* late | 21.0 ± 8.9 late | ||
| 17.7 ± 9.5 early | 19.9 ± 10.3 early | |||
| 26.8 ± 17.3*all | 20.5 ± 9.4 all | |||
| HF, ms2 | 5.58 ± 0.98 *late | 4.87 ± 0.93 late | ||
| 4.44 ± 1.18 early | 4.81 ± 0.96 early | |||
| 5.11 ± 1.19 all | 4.84 ± 0.94 all | |||
| BRS, ms/mmHg | 13.6 ± 7.0* late | 10.4 ± 3.8 late | ||
| 9.1 ± 4.4 early | 10.3 ± 4.9 early | |||
| 11.7 ± 6.4 all | 10.4 ± 4.2 all | |||
| Faber et al. (43) | 44/80 | BPV: SDNN, ms | 9 (8–10)* | 8 (7–9) |
| BPV: RMSSD, ms | 2.5 (2.1–2.8)* | 3.1 (2.8–3.6) | ||
| brady_2.5-5, NU | 16 (8–25)* | 11 (6–18) | ||
| tachy_slope, ms/mmHg | 6.9 (5.7–9.6) | 6.4 (4.9–9.3) | ||
| HRV: SDNN, ms | 43 (29–51) | 44 (31–53) | ||
| HRV: RMSSD, ms | 18 (12–28) | 16 (10–24) | ||
| HRV: LF, ms2 | 0.15 (0.10–0.20) | 0.16 (0.07–0.25) | ||
| Silver et al. (44) | 20/20 | Baroreflex gain: VM- (ms/mmHg) | 6.6 ± 2.5* | 10.1 ± 3.2 |
| DB-BP (ms/mm Hg) | 10.0 ± 5.9 | 14.1 ± 6.9 | ||
| Spontaneous HRV (ms/mmHg) | 7.2 ± 2.6* | 10.8 ± 4.1 | ||
| Molino et al. (45) | 9/8 | BRG index (a-index) ms/mmHg | At rest: 5.60 (5.25–6.90)* | At rest: 7.98 (6.71–9.93)* |
| Standing: 4.07 (3.70–6.92) | Standing: 5.70 (5.24–7.18) | |||
| IBI variability | ||||
| LF (NU) | At rest: 0.62 (0.47–0.69) | At rest: 0.48 (0.35–0.76) | ||
| HF (NU) | Standing: 0.56 (0.48–0.66) | Standing: 0.62 (0.47–0.76) | ||
| Seligman (46) | BRS, ms/mmHg | 3.6* | 10.3 (19–9) | |
Data extracted include author name, the sample size for PE group and healthy pregnant control group and the results of ANS assessments performed in each study.
Values denoted by
represent statistical significance. 30:15, ratio of the longest inter-beat (RR) interval around the 30th beat to the shortest RR interval around the 15th beat; BP, blood pressure; BPV, blood pressure variability; brady_2.5-5, Number of brady cardiac baroreflex fluctuations with a slope < 50 ms/mmHg; BRG, baroreflex gain (ms/mmHg); BRS, baroreceptor sensitivity; CP, cold pressor test; DB, deep breathing test; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EPI, epinephrine; HF, high-frequency power in the range 0.15–0.40 Hz; HR, heart rate; HRV, heart rate variability; HRV-triangular index, integral of the density of the RR interval histogram divided by its height; IBI, interbeat interval; LF, low-frequency power in the range 0.04–0.15 Hz; LF/HF ratio, low frequency to high-frequency ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MSNA, Muscle sympathetic nerve activity; NE, norepinephrine; NN, inter-beat interval; NPY, neuropeptide Y; NU, normalized units; OS, orthostatic stress test; PNS (HF/TP), parasympathetic indicator; RMSSD, square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of difference between adjacent NN intervals; RR interval, the time between two R-peak of ECG heart-beat waveform; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SDANN, standard deviation of the averages of NN intervals in all 5-min segments of the entire recording; SDNN, standard deviation of all NN intervals; SNA, sympathetic nerve activity; SNS, sympathetic indicator; tachy_slope, slope of the regression line between all tachycardiac baroreflex fluctuations; TPR, total peripheral resistance; TP, total power; VLF, very low frequency; VM, Valsalva's maneuver.*:statistically significant difference.