Table 3.
Association between hypoglycemia and MACE outcomes and all-cause mortality.
| Events/ N | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With hypoglycemia | Without hypoglycemia | p | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | HR (95%CI) | |
| MACE | 117/333 | 263/1,128 | <0.001 | 1.501 (1.207, 1.866) |
1.592 (1.233, 2.056) |
1.615 (1.239, 2.106) |
| Cardiovascular death | 23/333 | 38/1,128 | 0.006 | 2.033 (1.211, 3.413) |
2.652 (1.433, 4.914) |
2.642 (1.398, 4.994) |
| Unstable angina requiring hospitalization | 41/333 | 112/1,128 | 0.300 | 1.226 (0.857, 1.753) |
1.172 (0.774, 1.774) |
1.218 (0.794, 1.869) |
| Non-fatal MI | 18/333 | 32/1,128 | 0.030 | 1.901 (1.067, 3.389) |
1.634 (0.828, 3.226) |
1.549 (0.768, 3.124) |
| Non-fatal stroke | 35/333 | 81/1,128 | 0.060 | 1.691 (1.144, 2.499) |
1.755 (1.099, 2.803) |
1.813 (1.110, 2.960) |
| All-cause mortality | 34/333 | 46/1,128 | <0.001 | 2.501 (1.605, 3.898) |
2.259 (1.323, 3.858) |
1.960 (1.124, 3.418) |
Hypoglycemia was modeled as a time-dependent exposure.
Model 1 was a crude model.
Model 2 included age, sex, eGFR, HbA1c, BMI, and duration of diabetes.
Model 3 included all variables in model 2 plus smoking status, alcohol history, past medical history (hepatic disease, renal disease, malignancy, coronary heart disease, and stroke), all diabetic medications (insulin, sulfonylureas, metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, pioglitazone, glinides, and DPP-4 inhibitors), hypertension medication, lipid-lowering medication, and antiplatelet agents.
MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; MI, myocardial infarction.