Table 5.

Results of planned contrasts comparing specific population means (or groups of means) in order to address our questions of interest (Table 2)

Test	Taxa	Contrast	df	T	p
(a) Impoundment effect	Astyanax	Streams versus Gatun 1935	242	−1.927	0.203
	Roeboides	Streams versus Gatun 1935	157	0.978	0.798
(b) Invasion through time	Astyanax	Gatun and Chagres, pre versus post	242	−5.663	<0.001
	Roeboides	Gatun and Chagres, pre versus post	157	−0.098	1.000
(c) Invasion across space	Astyanax	Gatun 2013 versus Bayano 2013	242	−0.214	0.999
	Roeboides	Gatun 2013 versus Bayano 2013	157	5.180	<0.001
(d) Temporal controls	Astyanax	Streams, pre versus post	242	−9.048	<0.001
	Roeboides	Streams, pre versus post	157	−0.290	0.997

Statistically significant (p<0.05) results are in bold