Table 2.

Systemic and Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Genea	Placebo		P	Rifaximin		P	Treatment
	Pre	Post		Pre	Post		Difference P
Plasma cytokines
IL-6 (pg/mL)	1.02 ± 0.15	1.25 ± 0.22	0.09	1.01 ± 0.42	0.97 ± 0.31	0.78	0.16
TNF-α (pg/mL)	2.61 ± 0.18	2.62 ± 0.17	0.95	2.97 ± 0.26	2.83 ± 0.24	0.04	0.44
MCP1 (pg/mL)	159 ± 12.6	147 ± 4.8	0.343	132 ± 11	128 ± 10.4	0.325	0.50
Adipose tissue gene expression b
IL4	0.90 ± 0.07	1.09 ± 0.19	0.25	1.01 ± 0.1	1.28 ± 0.21	0.07c	0.69
IL6	0.52 ± 0.17	0.55 ± 0.09	0.84	0.91 ± 0.49	0.88 ± 0.52	0.70	0.70
CCL5	0.60 ± 0.14	0.49 ± 0.02	0.44	1.04 ± 0.39	0.87 ± 0.36	0.40	0.83
ADIPOQ	1.04 ± 0.08	0.99 ± 0.09	0.67	0.94 ± 0.12	1.03 ± 0.11	0.50	0.42
IL1B	0.61 ± 0.16	0.82 ± 0.29	0.50	1.39 ± 0.48	0.94 ± 0.32	0.19	0.14
IL10	1.06 ± 0.28	1.12 ± 0.45	0.83	1.16 ± 0.36	1.23 ± 0.25	0.82	0.98
IL12B	1.14 ± 0.43	2.22 ± 0.57	0.05	1.28 ± 0.36	0.72 ± 0.19	0.13	0.01
TNF	1.30 ± 0.13	1.46 ± 0.28	0.58	2.00 ± 0.25	1.67 ± 0.25	0.03	0.12
CCL2	1.11 ± 0.22	1.34 ± 0.30	0.14	1.30 ± 0.27	1.34 ± 0.30	0.90	0.33
CD68	1.12 ± 0.23	0.98 ± 0.28	0.47	1.16 ± 0.25	1.28 ± 0.18	0.43	0.28

Boldface numbers indicate P < 0.05.

^aGene expression was measured in SC WAT by real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels were normalized to the geometric mean of six housekeeping genes and the data, expressed as arbitrary units, are means ± SEM.

^bNCBI gene symbol.

^c P < 0.1.