Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of new users of antidiabetics at cohort entry.
| Characteristics | Monotherapy N = 12,753 (86.9%) | Combination therapy N = 1,926 (13.1%) | Total N = 14,679 (100%) | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin N = 10,246 | Sulfonylureas N = 982 | Alpha glucosidase inhibitors N = 638 | £ DPP-4 N = 161 | Repaglinide N = 583 | °Other monotherapy N = 143 | Fixed combination N = 1,426 | Free combination N = 500 | |||
| Age (MD ± SD) | 63.2 ± 11.3 | 66.8 ± 12.1 | 66.5 ± 11.8 | 68.1 ± 12.1 | 69.5 ± 12.4 | 59.0 ± 10 | 64.8 ± 12.2 | 62.8 ± 11.3 | 64.0 ± 11.6 | <0.001* |
| 40–59 | 4,019 (74.3%) | 283 (5.2%) | 180 (3.3%) | 37 (0.7%). | 131 (2.4%) | 75 (1.4%) | 482 (8.9%) | 202 (3.7%) | 5,409 (100%) | |
| 60–79 | 5,380 (69.2%) | 537 (6.9%) | 361 (4.6%) | 92 (1.2%) | 316 (4.1%) | 67 (0.9%) | 762 (9.8%) | 257 (3.3%) | 7,772 (100%) | |
| ≥80 | 847 (56.5%) | 162 (10.8%) | 97 (6.5%) | 32 (2.1%) | 136 (9.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 182 (12.1%) | 41 (2.7%) | 1,498 (100%) | |
| Sex | 0.001* | |||||||||
| F | 4,639 (70.1%) | 477 (7.2%) | 304 (4.6%) | 73 (1.1%) | 275 (4.2%) | 68 (1.0%) | 591 (8.9%) | 190 (2.9%) | 6,617 (100%) | |
| M | 5,590 (69.6%) | 504 (6.3%) | 333 (4.1%) | 86 (1.1%) | 307 (3.8%) | 74 (0.9%) | 830 (10.3%) | 305 (3.8%) | 8,029 (100%) | |
| Polypharmacy | <0.001* | |||||||||
| 0–5 (no-polypharmacy) | 4,106 (67.9%) | 412 (6.8%) | 204 (3.4%) | 63 (1.0%) | 183 (3.0%) | 44 (0.7%) | 752 (12.4%) | 285 (4.7%) | 6,049 (100%) | |
| 6–9 (polypharmacy) | 2,567 (72.5%) | 218 (6.2%) | 146 (4.1%) | 33 (0.9%) | 129 (3.6%) | 46 (1.3%) | 304 (8.6%) | 97 (2.7%) | 3,540 (100%) | |
| ≥10 (excessive polypharmacy) | 3,573 (70.2%) | 352 (6.9%) | 288 (5.7%) | 65 (1.3%) | 271 (5.3%) | 53 (1.0%) | 370 (7.3%) | 118 (2.3%) | 5,090 (100%) | |
| Area of living | 0.047* | |||||||||
| Rural | 910 (71.7%) | 93 (7.3%) | 56 (4.4%) | 9 (0.7%) | 42 (3.3%) | 20 (1.6%) | 107 (8.4%) | 33 (2.6%) | 1,270 (100%) | |
| Urban | 9,155 (69.7%) | 873 (6.6%) | 573 (4.4%) | 150 (1.1%) | 532 (4.1%) | 122 (0.9%) | 1,272 (9.7%) | 451 (3.4%) | 13,128 (100%) | |
| Neuro-psychiatric drugs | 0.019* | |||||||||
| No | 8,335 (69.8%) | 786 (6.6%) | 495 (4.1%) | 125 (1.0%) | 469 (3.9%) | 118 (1.0%) | 1,177 (9.9%) | 429 (3.6%) | 11,934 (100%) | |
| Yes | 1,911 (69.6%) | 196 (7.1%) | 143 (5.2%) | 36 (1.3%) | 114 (4.2%) | 25 (0.9%) | 249 (9.1%) | 71 (2.6%) | 2,745 (100%) | |
| Micro/macrovascular complication | <0.001* | |||||||||
| No | 9,899 (70.1%) | 949 (6.7%) | 613 (4.3%) | 152 (1.1%) | 527 (3.7%) | 139 (1.0%) | 1,364 (9.7%) | 482 (3.4%) | 14,125 (100%) | |
| Yes | 347 (62.6%) | 33 (6.0%) | 25 (4.5%) | 9 (1.6%) | 56 (10.1%) | 4 (0.7%) | 62 (11.2%) | 18 (3.2%) | 554 (100%) | |
| Comorbidity score | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 3.3 ± 2.8 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 4.1 ± 3.1 | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.8 | 2.5 ± 2.6 | 3.3 ± 2.7 | <0.001* |
*P-value less of 0.05 was statistically significant. £ DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; °Other monotherapy, A10BG Thiazolidinediones (n = 21); A10BJ Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue (n = 88); A10BK Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (n = 34).