Table 1.
Characteristics of men who were or were not subsequently diagnosed with heart failure, stratified by aerobic fitness tertile.
| High aerobic fitness (≥289 Watts) |
Medium aerobic fitness (240–288 Watts) |
Low aerobic fitness (<240 Watts) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No HF | HF | Ratea | No HF | HF | Ratea | No HF | HF | Ratea | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
| Overall | 466,223 (100.0) | 1,178 (100.0) | 9.7 | 461,255 (100.0) | 3,440 (100.0) | 22.8 | 391,421 (100.0) | 7,093 (100.0) | 42.3 |
| Muscular strength, tertiles | |||||||||
| High (≥2171 Newtons) | 237,772 (51.0) | 668 (56.7) | 10.8 | 165,349 (35.9) | 1,464 (42.6) | 26.8 | 78,986 (20.2) | 1,039 (14.7) | 36.7 |
| Medium (1900–2170 Newtons) | 133,619 (28.7) | 320 (27.2) | 9.3 | 164,394 (35.6) | 1,171 (34.0) | 22.2 | 128,975 (32.9) | 3,011 (42.4) | 43.7 |
| Low (<1900 Newtons) | 94,832 (30.3) | 190 (16.1) | 7.4 | 131,512 (28.5) | 805 (23.4) | 18.4 | 183,460 (46.9) | 3,043 (42.9) | 43.2 |
| Height, tertiles | |||||||||
| High (≥181.5 cm) | 208,180 (44.7) | 550 (46.7) | 10.2 | 157,832 (34.2) | 1,246 (36.2) | 24.1 | 95,014 (24.3) | 1,186 (16.7) | 34.7 |
| Medium (175.0–181.4 cm) | 163,833 (35.1) | 405 (34.4) | 9.4 | 166,952 (36.2) | 1,175 (34.2) | 21.7 | 133,335 (34.1) | 1,565 (22.1) | 32.8 |
| Low (<175.0 cm) | 94,210 (20.2) | 223 (18.9) | 8.9 | 136,471 (29.6) | 1,019 (29.6) | 22.6 | 163,072 (41.7) | 4,342 (61.2) | 50.8 |
| Weight, tertiles | |||||||||
| High (≥71.4 kg) | 249,624 (53.5) | 842 (71.5) | 13.0 | 160,041 (34.7) | 1,853 (53.9) | 34.9 | 71,090 (18.2) | 1,380 (19.5) | 54.9 |
| Medium (64.0–71.3 kg) | 162,633 (34.9) | 269 (22.8) | 6.1 | 179,966 (39.0) | 1,074 (31.2) | 18.1 | 119,438 (30.5) | 1,363 (19.2) | 31.8 |
| Low (<64.0 kg) | 53,966 (11.6) | 67 (5.7) | 4.9 | 121,248 (26.3) | 513 (14.9) | 13.2 | 200,893 (51.3) | 4,350 (61.3) | 43.6 |
| Body mass index | |||||||||
| Normal | 416,785 (89.4) | 848 (72.0) | 7.8 | 424,175 (92.0) | 2,698 (78.4) | 19.4 | 371,382 (94.9) | 6,516 (91.9) | 40.5 |
| Overweight | 36,133 (7.7) | 193 (16.4) | 20.3 | 26,457 (5.7) | 443 (12.9) | 52.3 | 13,639 (3.5) | 342 (4.8) | 72.8 |
| Obese | 13,305 (2.9) | 137 (11.6) | 38.4 | 10,623 (2.3) | 299 (8.7) | 90.4 | 6,400 (1.6) | 235 (3.3) | 107.9 |
| Education, years | |||||||||
| <12 | 27,569 (5.9) | 157 (13.3) | 19.6 | 62,746 (13.6) | 840 (24.4) | 38.3 | 91,955 (23.5) | 2,510 (35.4) | 59.9 |
| 12–14 | 197,447 (42.4) | 589 (50.0) | 11.5 | 213,585 (46.3) | 1,628 (47.3) | 24.2 | 179,141 (45.8) | 2,962 (41.8) | 41.1 |
| ≥15 | 241,207 (51.7) | 432 (36.7) | 6.9 | 184,924 (40.1) | 972 (28.3) | 15.7 | 120,325 (30.7) | 1,621 (22.8) | 30.2 |
| Neighborhood SES | |||||||||
| High | 59,202 (12.7) | 175 (14.9) | 11.5 | 80,122 (17.4) | 708 (20.6) | 27.7 | 85,270 (21.8) | 1,233 (17.4) | 42.7 |
| Medium | 287,198 (61.6) | 761 (64.6) | 9.9 | 291,340 (63.2) | 2,287 (66.5) | 23.1 | 245,402 (62.7) | 5,233 (73.8) | 44.0 |
| Low | 119,823 (25.7) | 242 (20.5) | 8.1 | 89,793 (19.5) | 445 (12.9) | 16.6 | 60,749 (15.5) | 627 (8.8) | 31.4 |
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| No | 455,629 (97.7) | 687 (58.3) | 5.8 | 434,768 (94.3) | 1,693 (49.2) | 12.1 | 357,764 (91.4) | 3,609 (50.9) | 24.1 |
| Yes | 10,594 (2.3) | 491 (41.7) | 141.2 | 26,487 (5.7) | 1,747 (50.8) | 161.4 | 33,657 (8.6) | 3,484 (49.1) | 196.0 |
| Ischemic heart disease | |||||||||
| No | 463,540 (99.4) | 874 (74.2) | 7.3 | 452,155 (98.0) | 2,133 (62.0) | 14.5 | 377,714 (96.5) | 3,709 (52.3) | 23.3 |
| Yes | 2,683 (0.6) | 304 (25.8) | 309.5 | 9,100 (2.0) | 1,307 (38.0) | 321.0 | 13,707 (3.5) | 3,384 (47.7) | 412.3 |
| Valvular heart disease | |||||||||
| No | 464,949 (99.7) | 998 (84.7) | 8.2 | 459,096 (99.5) | 2,969 (86.3) | 19.8 | 388,876 (99.3) | 9,965 (85.1) | 36.1 |
| Yes | 1,274 (0.3) | 180 (15.3) | 427.6 | 2,159 (0.5) | 471 (13.7) | 492.1 | 2,545 (0.7) | 1,746 (14.9) | 676.0 |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||||||||
| No | 460,526 (98.8) | 963 (81.7) | 8.0 | 448,875 (97.3) | 2,610 (75.9) | 17.9 | 374,757 (95.7) | 4,982 (70.2) | 31.6 |
| Yes | 5,697 (1.2) | 215 (18.3) | 118.7 | 12,380 (2.7) | 830 (24.1) | 167.2 | 16,664 (4.3) | 2,111 (29.8) | 210.9 |
| Family history of HF | |||||||||
| No | 407,702 (87.4) | 816 (69.3) | 7.8 | 359,313 (77.9) | 2,064 (60.0) | 18.1 | 279,914 (71.5) | 4,748 (66.9) | 38.9 |
| Yes | 58,521 (12.6) | 362 (30.7) | 20.9 | 101,942 (22.1) | 3,376 (40.0) | 37.1 | 111,507 (28.5) | 2,345 (33.1) | 51.1 |
a
HF incidence rate per 100,000 person-years.
HF = heart failure, SES = socioeconomic status.