TABLE IV.
Associations of exposure to parabens with respiratory morbidity measures and current asthma prevalence among all children aged 6 to 19 years from the US general population, NHANES 2005–2014*
| cPOR | 95% CI | P value | aPOR | 95% CI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morbidity | ||||||
| ED visits for asthma† (n = 450) | ||||||
| BP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) | 1.43 | 0.78–2.63 | .24 | 1.44 | 0.73–2.84 | .28 |
| EP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) | 1.07 | 0.56–2.05 | .84 | 1.04 | 0.52–2.22 | .85 |
| MP (log10, ng/mL) | 1.22 | 0.70–2.14 | .48 | 1.22 | 0.63–2.38 | .55 |
| PP (log10, ng/mL) | 1.10 | 0.72–1.66 | .66 | 1.15 | 0.64–2.07 | .64 |
| Asthma attacks† (n = 450) | ||||||
| BP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) | 1.52 | 0.86–2.68 | .15 | 1.78 | 0.94–3.39 | .08 |
| EP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) | 0.69 | 0.41–1.16 | .16 | 0.81 | 0.46–1.42 | .46 |
| MP (log10, ng/mL) | 0.76 | 0.55–1.05 | .09 | 0.81 | 0.55–1.18 | .26 |
| PP (log10, ng/mL) | 0.77 | 0.56–1.06 | .11 | 0.86 | 0.59–1.25 | .41 |
| Prevalence | ||||||
| Current asthma† (n = 4023) | ||||||
| BP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) | 0.82 | 0.63–1.08 | .15 | 0.83 | 0.62–1.10 | .19 |
| EP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) | 1.14 | 0.89–1.47 | .29 | 1.09 | 0.84–1.41 | .50 |
| MP (log10, ng/mL) | 1.21 | 1.01–1.45 | .04 | 1.17 | 0.94–1.46 | .15 |
| PP (log10, ng/mL) | 1.21 | 1.04–1.41 | .02‡ | 1.20 | 1.00–1.43 | .05 |
cPOR, Crude prevalence odds ratio.
Crude models were adjusted for log10 creatinine concentrations, and adjusted models were adjusted for age in years, sex (overall crude and adjusted models only), poverty income ratio (continuous), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, and “other,” which includes multiracial, Asian, and other Hispanic), survey cycle year (2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014), and log10 creatinine concentrations.
ED visits are defined as affirmative responses to the following question: “During the past 12 months, have you had to visit an emergency room or urgent care center because of asthma?” Asthma attacks are defined as affirmative responses to the following question: “During the past 12 months, have you had an episode of asthma or an asthma attack?” Current asthma is defined as an affirmative response to the following 2 questions: “Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you have asthma?” and “Do you still have asthma?”
P < .05.