Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Sep 5;143(3):948–956.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.021

TABLE V.

Associations of exposure to parabens with respiratory morbidity measures among children with asthma and with current asthma prevalence stratified by sex*

aPOR 95% CI P value aPOR 95% CI P value Pint value
Morbidity Boys (n = 248) Girls (n = 202)
 ED visits for asthma†
  BP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) 2.16 0.79–5.93 .13 1.03 0.44–2.42 .95 .28
  EP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) 1.14 0.47–2.78 .76 1.01 0.34–3.01 .98 .86
  MP (log10, ng/mL) 2.61 1.40–4.85 .003‡ 0.57 0.23–1.44 .23 .002‡
  PP (log10, ng/mL) 2.18 1.22–3.89 .01‡ 0.61 0.28–1.37 .23 .003‡
Asthma attacks†
 BP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) 1.56 0.76–3.18 .22 1.98 0.76–5.16 .16 .68
 EP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) 0.55 0.27–1.11 .09 1.18 0.49–2.86 .71 .19
 MP (log10, ng/mL) 0.86 0.57–1.31 .48 0.76 0.44–1.30 .31 .67
 PP (log10, ng/mL) 0.94 0.64–1.38 .74 0.79 0.46–1.34 .37 .52
Prevalence
 Current asthma† Boys (n = 2068) Girls (n = 1955)
  BP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) 0.96 0.64–1.42 .83 0.73 0.46–1.16 .18 .42
  EP (<LOD vs ≥LOD) 1.09 0.75–1.60 .64 1.09 0.74–1.60 .66 .98
  MP (log10, ng/mL) 1.36 1.04–1.77 .02‡ 0.99 0.72–1.37 .96 .12
  PP (log10, ng/mL) 1.25 1.00–1.57 .05 1.14 0.87–1.49 .33 .58

cPOR, Crude prevalence odds ratio; Pint, P value for interaction term (sex*biomarker concentration term).

*

Adjusted models included age in years, poverty income ratio (continuous), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, and “other,” wich includes multiracial, Asian, and other Hispanic), survey cycle year (2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, and 2013–2014), and log10 creatinine concentrations as covariates.

†

ED visits are defined as affirmative responses to the following question: “During the past 12 months, have you had to visit an emergency room or urgent care center because of asthma?” Asthma attacks are defined as affirmative responses to the following question: “During the past 12 months, have you had an episode of asthma or an asthma attack?” Current asthma is defined as an affirmative response to the following 2 questions: “Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that you have asthma?” and “Do you still have asthma?”

‡

P < .05.