. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 13.

Published in final edited form as: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Oct 12;4(12):1037–1049. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30278-9

Table 1:

Hazards of maternal obesity

	Risk to mother	Risk to offspring
Before conception and ante partum	Reduced fertility; pregnancy loss	..
Intra partum	Obstructive sleep apnoea; gestational diabetes; pre-eclampsia; gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; gestational hypertension; preterm delivery	Congenital anomalies; small for gestational age; large for gestational age and macrosomia; preterm delivery
Peri partum	Operative delivery; caesarean delivery; failed vaginal birth after caesarean delivery; endometritis; wound disruption	Fetal distress; adiposity; neonatal birth injuries
Post partum	Post-partum depression; venous thromboembolism; dyslipidaemia; hypertension; type 2 diabetes; osteoarthritis; obstructive sleep apnoea; malignancies (eg, breast, endometrial, liver, colon, haematological)	Less likely to be breastfed; increased adiposity
Long-term impact on offspring⁴	..	Obesity; diabetes; hypertension; dyslipidaemia; autism spectrum disorder; cognitive abnormality