Table 4.
Estimated associations of IQR increases in annual average air pollution and obesity scales by sex
| Unadjusted | Model 1a | Model 2b | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P | |
| Men (N=3 625) | ||||||
| PM10 (μg/m3) | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.10) | 0.706 | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.09) | 0.597 | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.07) | 0.404 |
| WC (cm) | −0.01 (−0.35, 0.33) | 0.954 | −0.01 (−0.35, 0.33) | 0.959 | −0.10 (−0.43, 0.23) | 0.556 |
| PBF (%) | 0.09 (−0.12, 0.30) | 0.411 | 0.10 (−0.11, 0.31) | 0.346 | 0.04 (−0.16, 0.25) | 0.689 |
| TAT (cm2) | 1.54 (−2.68, 5.76) | 0.475 | −0.52 (−2.84, 1.81) | 0.662 | 0.28 (−3.80, 4.35) | 0.895 |
| VAT (cm2) | 1.72 (−0.76, 4.21) | 0.175 | 1.45 (−2.77, 5.67) | 0.501 | 1.29 (−1.08, 3.67) | 0.286 |
| SAT (cm2) | −0.18 (−2.54, 2.17) | 0.878 | 1.97 (−0.51, 4.44) | 0.119 | −1.02 (−3.31, 1.27) | 0.384 |
| NO2 (ppb) | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.09) | 0.830 | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.07) | 0.514 | −0.02 (−0.13, 0.08) | 0.643 |
| WC (cm) | −0.09 (−0.38, 0.20) | 0.544 | −0.09 (−0.38, 0.21) | 0.556 | −0.06 (−0.34, 0.23) | 0.702 |
| PBF (%) | 0.07 (−0.11, 0.24) | 0.479 | 0.10 (−0.08, 0.28) | 0.289 | 0.11 (−0.06, 0.29) | 0.199 |
| TAT (cm2) | 2.31 (−1.32, 5.94) | 0.212 | 2.10 (−1.54, 5.75) | 0.258 | 2.43 (−1.07, 5.94) | 0.173 |
| VAT (cm2) | 0.35 (−1.79, 2.49) | 0.749 | 0.96 (−1.17, 3.10) | 0.376 | 1.16 (−0.88, 3.19) | 0.266 |
| SAT (cm2) | 1.96 (−0.06, 3.98) | 0.057 | 1.14 (−0.86, 3.14) | 0.265 | 1.28 (−0.69, 3.24) | 0.203 |
| Women (N=1 489) | ||||||
| PM10 (μg/m3) | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.11) | 0.419 | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.10) | 0.369 | −0.13 (−0.31, 0.06) | 0.174 |
| WC (cm) | 0.60 (0.06, 1.13) | 0.029 | 0.56 (0.04, 1.07) | 0.033 | 0.41 (−0.09, 0.92) | 0.107 |
| PBF (%) | 0.15 (−0.14, 0.44) | 0.311 | 0.13 (−0.15, 0.40) | 0.367 | 0.07 (−0.20, 0.34) | 0.596 |
| TAT (cm2) | 2.09 (−3.79, 7.97) | 0.486 | 1.75 (−3.98, 7.49) | 0.549 | 1.07 (−4.61, 6.76) | 0.712 |
| VAT (cm2) | 1.74 (−0.99, 4.47) | 0.211 | 1.48 (−1.06, 4.02) | 0.252 | 1.21 (−1.26, 3.69) | 0.336 |
| SAT (cm2) | 0.35 (−3.63, 4.32) | 0.864 | 0.27 (−3.69, 4.23) | 0.893 | −0.14 (−4.12, 3.84) | 0.944 |
| NO2 (ppb) | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.07 (−0.25, 0.12) | 0.463 | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.1) | 0.364 | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.12) | 0.507 |
| WC (cm) | −0.05 (−0.56, 0.47) | 0.850 | −0.13 (−0.62, 0.37) | 0.618 | −0.07 (−0.54, 0.41) | 0.786 |
| PBF (%) | 0.01 (−0.27, 0.29) | 0.943 | −0.04 (−0.30, 0.23) | 0.795 | −0.00 (−0.26, 0.25) | 0.988 |
| TAT (cm2) | 1.41 (−4.24, 7.07) | 0.624 | 0.76 (−4.76, 6.27) | 0.788 | 1.26 (−4.12, 6.63) | 0.647 |
| VAT (cm2) | 1.33 (−1.30, 3.96) | 0.320 | 0.82 (−1.62, 3.26) | 0.510 | 0.99 (−1.35, 3.33) | 0.408 |
| SAT (cm2) | 0.08 (−3.74, 3.90) | 0.966 | −0.06 (−3.87, 3.75) | 0.974 | 0.27 (−3.49, 4.03) | 0.888 |
Notes: The beta coefficient and 95% CI of each air pollutant was scaled to the interquartile range (IQR) for each pollutant, respectively (10.0 μg/m3 for PM10 and 14.0 ppb for NO2). aModel 1 was adjusted for age. bModel 2 included age, smoking status (never-, former-, or current-smoker), alcohol consumption (never-, former-, or current-drinker), physical activity (yes or no), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia as covariate in model 1.
Abbreviations: PM10, particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; PBF, percent body fat; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.