Table 1.

Polymeric and liposomal nanomaterials against Chagas disease in preclinical trials

Nanomaterial	Nanostructure characterization					Biological analysis					Author	Ref #
Physical and/or chemical methodology	Active compound	Hydrodynamic diameter or size (nm)	ZP (mV)	PDI	T. cruzi strain	Host Cell line	In vitro/in vivo		Administration route
SEDDSs	Self-emulsifying	RAV	100–250	−45–−57	0.20–0.30	Y	Cardiomyocyte (H9c2)	In vivo	Swiss albino mice	Oral	Sposito et al (2017)	39
In vitro	Amastigotes	N.I.
PACA	Emulsion polymerization	Nifurtimox	<200	N.I.		from chronic patients in northern Chile	Vero	In vitro	Epimastigotes	N.I.	Gonzalez-Martin et al (1998)	27
		Cytotoxicity
		Allopurinol							Epimastigotes		Gonzalez-Martin et al (2000)	29
Amastigotes
PLA-PEG	Simple emulsification	Bis-triazole D0870	100–200	N.I.		CL and Y	N.I.	In vivo	Swiss albino mice	IV	Molina et al (2001)	30
PCL-PLA-PEG	Nanoprecipitation	LYC	100−250	−30–−57	0.30	N.I		In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	IV	Branquinho, Roy, et al (2017)	136
NC-PCL-PLA-PEG	Nanoprecipitation	LYC	105.30−105.30	N.I.		CL and Y		In vivo	Swiss albino mice	IV	Branquinho et al (2014)	40
PN	Nanoprecipitation	UA	173.20	36	0.09	Y	LLC-MK2	In vitro	Cytotoxicity	N.I.	Abriata et al (2017)	41
								In vitro	Trypomastigotes
								In vivo	C57BL/6 mice	IV
Polymeric nanoparticles	Ionotropic gelation	Nitric oxide	270–500	N.I.	0.35	Y	Murine peritoneal macrophage	In vitro	Trypomastigotes	N.I.	Seabra et al (2015)	36
Amastigotes
Multiparticulate benzonidazole polymers	Nanoprecipitation and freezedrying	BNZ	233	35.40	0.10	N.I.					Seremeta et al (2019)	45
NPs	Nanoprecipitation	BNZ	63.30	18.3	3.35	TcN	Vero	In vitro	Cytotoxicity	N.I.	Rial et al (2017)	42
								In vivo	C3H/HeN mice	Oral
Liposomes	N.I.	Amphotericin B	N.I.			Tulahuen		In vivo	BALB/cJ	IP	Cencig et al (2011)	59
						Y	N.I.				Clemons et al (2017)	140
	CL
	Hydration	Stearylamine	Tulahuen		In vitro	Epimastigotes, trypomastigotes and amastigotes	N.I.	Yoshihara et al (1987)	143
	Extrusion	ETZ	379	N.I.		RA	Monocyte macrophage (J774)	In vitro	Amastigotes	N.I.	Morilla et al (2005)	52
	In vivo	BALB/c mice	IV
MLV	Hydration	BNZ	2000	N.I.		RA		In vivo	Wistar rats	IV	Morilla et al (2004)	50

Abbreviations: BNZ, Benznidazole; mv, millivolt; IV, Intravenous injection; PACA, Poly (alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles; TcN, Nicaragua Strain; nps, Nanoparticles; PN, Nanoparticles with poly-Ɛ-caprolactone; NC, Nanocapsules; PCL, Poly-ε-caprolactone; PLA-PEG, polyethylene glycol-polylactide; ZP, Zeta potential; PDI, Polydispersity index; RAV, Ravuconazole; SEDDSs, Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems; Vero, Fibroblast of African green monkey kidney; LL-MK2, Fibroblast of monkey kidney; LYC, Lychnopholide; UA, Ursolic acid; N.I. not informed; RAS strain, pantropic/reticulotropic; T. cruzi, Trypanosoma cruzi.