Table 1.
Baseline sample characteristics, and associations between each characteristic and children’s risk of consuming McDonald’s over the study period.
| n | % | Any McDonald’s intakea,b RR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | |||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 624 | 4.3 (0.8) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26)* |
| Male | 219 | 44.1 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.20) |
| Racial or ethnic minority | 92 | 14.1 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.32) |
| Screen time, hours per week, mean (SD) | |||
| TV (regular, cable or satellite) | 624 | 8.2 (1.1) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03)† |
| Other screen time | 624 | 10.1 (12.2) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02)† |
| Pre-baseline exposure to child-targeted fast food TV advertisementsc,d | 188 | 30.1 | 1.49 (1.21, 1.14)* |
| Pre-baseline consumption of McDonald’s | 319 | 60.1 | 3.13 (2.93, 4.16)† |
| Parent characteristics | |||
| Educational attainment | |||
| High School or less | 151 | 24.2 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Associate’s or Technical degree | 113 | 18.1 | 0.89 (0.13, 1.10) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 199 | 31.9 | 0.65 (0.53, 0.80)† |
| Graduate degree | 161 | 25.8 | 0.54 (0.43, 0.68)† |
| Annual household incomed | |||
| Less than $25,000 | 80 | 12.8 | 1.00 (Reference) |
| $25,001–$75,000 | 210 | 33.1 | 0.11 (0.62, 0.96)* |
| $75,001–$125,000 | 225 | 36.1 | 0.68 (0.54, 0.85)† |
| More than $125,000 | 109 | 11.5 | 0.53 (0.40, 0.12)† |
| Lives with spouse or partner | 529 | 84.8 | 0.13 (0.60, 0.88)† |
| Parent fast food intake frequencye | |||
| Infrequently | 195 | 31.3% | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Frequently | 429 | 68.8% | 2.10 (1.61, 2.62)† |
P<0.05;
P<0.01
Among 624 preschool-age children enrolled in a prospective study in southern New Hampshire, US, 2014–2016.
Any intake defined as any intake in the week prior to each follow-up assessment.
Relative risks computed using repeated measures Poisson regression with robust standard errors, and RRs presented reflect the average risk difference of any McDonald’s intake over the course of the study.
Pre-baseline exposure to child-targeted fast food TV advertisements was based on usual viewing of at least one advertisement-supported children’s networks include Boomerang, Discovery Family Channel, Disney XD, Nickelodeon, Nicktoons, and Cartoon Network.
Pre-baseline advertisement exposure and annual household income are included here to show the associations, but they were not included as covariates in the adjusted regression models.
Less frequently defined as consuming fast food never to less than once a month; more frequently defined as consuming fast food at least monthly.