Appendix 7—figure 1. Boundary conditions at the ends of the shell influence mechanical properties.

(A) Comparison of the mechanical response for a closed (dash-dot line) and open (continuous line) cylinder. For a given value of $p/E$, the deformation profile is more extended (left) and the shell stiffer (right) if the two ends are closed; the difference increases with $p/E$. (B) Experimental and numerical deformation profiles along the longitudinal axis. None of the values $p/E\in [0,0.02]$ for the closed cylinder (colored line) captures experimental data. (C) Experimental and predicted values for the bulk modulus. The value predicted for closed conditions at the ends decreases with $p/E$ and is too small to account for the data. Results for free lateral conditions are shown for comparison. Parameters of the simulations are as in Figure 2 of the main text.