Areas discussed in this review include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), medial septum (MS), dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and locus coeruleus (LC). It is unknown whether CRF acts via CRF1, CRF2, or both receptor subtypes in the VTA to modulate effort-related choice. Moreover, although evidence suggests CRF may also act within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to modulate effort-related choice, this hypothesis remains to be explicitly tested.