Table 1.
Median LD50 and ED50 values of α-neurotoxins or elapid venoms, as well as median values of antivenom (EAv)
| α-Neurotoxin/venom | LD50 in µg/mice (95% CI) | Horse EAv ED50 (µL/mice) (95% CI), Lot #1 | Horse EAv ED50 (µL/mice) (95% CI), Lot #2 | Average mg toxin or venom/mL EAv | Average LD50 of toxin or venom/mL EAv |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Neurotoxins | |||||
| ScNtx | 3.9 (3.8–3.9) | 49.1 (47.8–50.4) | 40–45 | 0.23 | 61.1 |
| MlatA1 | 19 (18–20) | 45.4 (44.1–46.8) | ND | 1.25 | 66.1 |
| r.D.H | 3 (2.8–3.2) | 31.7 (31.7–31.8) | ND | 0.28 | 94.6 |
| P01424a | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 34.3 (33.7–34.9) | ND | 0.17 | 145.7 |
| Venoms | |||||
| Micrurus browni | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Micrurus diastema | 6 (5.5–6.5) | 191.5 (188.7–194.3) | NN | 0.09 | 15.6 |
| Micrurus distans | 12 (10–14) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Micrurus fulvius | 4 (3.8–4.2) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Micrurus laticorallis | 10 (9.1–11.4) | 171.1 (166.0–175.0) | NN | 0.17 | 17.5 |
| Micrurus nigrocinctus | 7 (5–9) | 56.5 (54.8–58.1) | NN | 0.37 | 53.1 |
| Micrurus surinamensis | 10 (9.5–10.5) | 51.2 (49.7–52.7) | 25.6 (20.0–30.0) | 0.78 | 78.1 |
| Micrurus tener tener | 15 (13–17) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Dendroaspis angusticeps | 17 (16–18) | 178.0 (171.3–185.4) | NN | 0.28 | 16.8 |
| Dendroaspis polylepis | 5.3 (5–5.5) | 149.1 (141.2–157.3) | NN | 0.16 | 20.1 |
| Dendroaspis viridis | 12 (11.9–12.2) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Naja atra | 8 (7.7–8.2) | 37.5 (35.5–39.5) | 34.2 (28.5–41.1) | 0.67 | 83.0 |
| Naja hajea | 0.9 (0.8–1) | 77.4 (76.6–78.2) | 72.9 (63.9–81.0) | 0.04 | 40.0 |
| Naja kaouthia | 3.9 (3.7–4.2) | 50.0 (47.0–53.0) | >400 | 0.23 | 60.0 |
| Naja katiensis | 20.5 (18.4–22.7) | ND | >400 | – | – |
| Naja oxiana | 8 (7.0–9.8) | ND | 24.1 (20.1–28.5) | 0.99b | 124.4b |
| Naja melanoleuca | 6.5 (6.4–6.6) | 72.3 (69.9–74.7) | 306.0 (301.0–311.0) | 0.11 | 15.8 |
| Naja mossambica | 22.7 (19.5–25.8) | NN | NN | – | – |
| Naja naja naja | 9.4 (9.3–9.6) | 65.5 (63.1–67.7) | ND | 0.43 | 45.8 |
| Naja nigricollis | 18 (17–19) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Naja nivea | 8.2 (8–8.4) | 25 (20–30) | 106.0 (92.5–121.5) | 0.38 | 46.7 |
| Naja nubiae | 8.3 (8.1–8.4) | 173.7 (169.1–178.4) | ND | 0.14 | 17.3 |
| Naja pallida | 17 (17.8–17.2) | NN | ND | – | – |
| Ophiophagus hannah | 11.5 (10.9–12.2) | 47.9 (44.1–52.1) | 74.9 (73.2–76.7) | 0.56 | 48.8 |
| Hydrophis platura | 3.9 (0.8–6.4)c | 40–66 | ND | No <0.17 | No <45.4 |
| Walterinnesia aegyptia | 4.9 (3.9–5.8) | 55.7 (53.1–58.5) | 44.5 (40.0–49.5) | 0.29 | 59.8 |
| Oxyuranus scutellatus | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | ND | NN | – | – |
| Pseudechis australis | 6.9 (5.6–8.6) | ND | NN | – | – |
| Pseudechis colleti | 8.9 (8.4–9.5) | ND | NN | – | – |
Lot #1 and Lot #2 have a protein content of 50 mg/mL; for Lot #2 >400 denotes that neutralization was found but no 100% of survival
95% CI 95% confidence intervals (shown within parentheses), ED50 median effective dose, LD50 lethal dose, EAv experimental antivirus, NN no neutralization at a maximum level of 200 µL/mouse for Lot #1, and 400 µL for Lot #2 (100% lethality), ND not determined
a5 × LD50 were used for ED50 determination in this case. All other values were obtained with a venom challenge of 3 × LD50
bBased on Lot #2
cValue obtained from ref. 45