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. 2019 Aug 13;9:11721. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48102-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Membrane tube deformation induced by chiral protein rods with direct attraction between rods. (a) Protein model. (b–e) Snapshots of membrane tubes at R_cyl/r_rod = 1.31. (b) ε/k_BT = 2 and (c) 2.5 at C_rodr_rod = 2.25 and N = 4800. (d) ε/k_BT = 1.5 and (e) 2 at C_rodr_rod = 2 and N = 9600. (f) Phase diagram for rod assembly of the elliptical tube and helical-cylinder shape. The open circles (triangles) and squares (diamonds) represent the elliptical and helical tubes at R_cyl/r_rod = 1.18 (1.31) for N = 4800, respectively. The closed circles and squares are for N = 9600 at both R_cyl/r_rod = 1.18 and 1.31. The dashed lines indicate the phase boundary.