Table 5.
Relationship between mathematics anxiety and mathematics performance: overall results and moderator analyses.
| Moderators | Study-based meta-analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | k | Weighted r | 95% CI | |
| Overall | 372.26 | 84 | −0.32 | (−0.35, −0.28) |
| Grade level | 11.65 | |||
| Elementary | 40 | −0.27 | (−0.32, −0.22) | |
| Junior high school | 19 | −0.39 | (−0.46, −0.32) | |
| Senior high school | 5 | −0.44 | (−0.55, −0.30) | |
| Mixed | 4 | −0.21 | (−0.38, −0.02) | |
| University | 16 | −0.33 | (−0.41, −0.24) | |
| Gender | 4.62 | |||
| Boy | 7 | −0.18 | (−0.31, −0.04) | |
| Girl | 7 | −0.30 | (−0.43, −0.17) | |
| All | 70 | −0.33 | (−0.37, −0.29) | |
| Geographical Region | 29.60 | |||
| USA | 20 | −0.30 | (−0.37, −0.22) | |
| Europe | 30 | −0.21 | (−0.27, −0.15) | |
| Asia | 23 | −0.41 | (−0.46, −0.35) | |
| Other | 11 | −0.44 | (−0.51, −0.35) | |
| Measure of MA | 15.62 | |||
| Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) | 13 | −0.23 | (−0.33, −0.14) | |
| Child Math Anxiety Questionnaire (CMAQ) | 3 | −0.24 | (−0.42, −0.04) | |
| The Mathematics Anxiety Questionnaire (MAQ) | 9 | −0.28 | (−0.38, −0.16) | |
| Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS) | 30 | −0.35 | (−0.41, −0.29) | |
| Mathematics Anxiety Scale (MAS) | 3 | −0.40 | (−0.56, −0.21) | |
| Mathematics Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) | 4 | −0.15 | (−0.34, −0.05) | |
| Mathematics Anxiety Scale for Young Children (MASYC) | 2 | −0.26 | (−0.48, −0.33) | |
| The Scale for Early Math Anxiety (SEMA) | 4 | −0.24 | (−0.40, −0.05) | |
| Other | 16 | −0.41 | (−0.50, −0.33) | |
| Measure forms of math performance | 13.02 | |||
| Custom test | 30 | −0.33 | (−0.39, −0.27) | |
| Standardized test | 47 | −0.28 | (−0.33, −0.23) | |
| Other | 7 | −0.51 | (−0.60, −0.40) | |
| Measure aspects of math performance | 17.00 | |||
| Computation | 28 | −0.21 | (−0.27, −0.15) | |
| Problem solving | 12 | −0.33 | (−0.42, −0.24) | |
| Whole | 44 | −0.37 | (−0.42, −0.33) | |