Table 1.
Subgroup analyses relating to magnesium intake and total stroke, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke.
| Group | Total stroke | Ischemic stroke | Hemorrhagic stroke | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Pinteration | No. of studies | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Pinteration | No. of studies | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Pinteration | |
| Total | 15 | 0.89 (0.83–0.94) | 0 | 12 | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 16.9 | 8 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 46.1 | |||
| Participants region | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.733 | 12 | 0.584 | 8 | 0.873 | ||||||
| North America | 6 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0 | 5 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0 | 4 | 0.90 (0.71–1.15) | 0 | |||
| Europe | 5 | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 14.8 | 3 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0 | 2 | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | 0 | |||
| Asia | 4 | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 32.8 | 4 | 0.93 (0.75–1.14) | 45.5 | 2 | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 53.4 | |||
| Multiple nations | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Sexa | ||||||||||||
| Total | 18 | 0.031 | 14 | 0.134 | 10 | 0.425 | ||||||
| Male | 6 | 0.95(0.86–1.05) | 0 | 4 | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 52.8 | 4 | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 35.5 | |||
| Female | 7 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0 | 6 | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0 | 6 | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 0 | |||
| Bothb | 5 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 0 | 4 | 0.76 (0.65–0.88) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.606 | 12 | 0.631 | 8 | 0.418 | ||||||
| ≥ 25 | 8 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0 | 6 | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0 | 5 | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | 0 | |||
| < 25 | 5 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 30 | 5 | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 44 | 3 | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 39.3 | |||
| Unknown | 2 | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0 | 1 | 0.76 (0.57–1.07) | NA | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Follow–up duration (y) | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.798 | 12 | 0.811 | 8 | 0.808 | ||||||
| ≥ 12 | 11 | 0.88 (0.82–0.94) | 5.3 | 10 | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 19.1 | 7 | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 7.7 | |||
| < 12 | 4 | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0 | 2 | 0.86 (0.62–1.20) | 48.4 | 1 | 0.88 (0.57–1.36) | NA | |||
| Dietary assessment | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.578 | 12 | NA | 8 | NA | ||||||
| FFQ/validated FFQ | 14 | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) | 3.8 | 12 | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | 16.9 | 8 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0 | |||
| SFFQ/validated SFFQ | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Other | 1 | 0.81 (0.61–1.09) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Magnesium intake type | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.865 | 12 | 0.831 | 8 | 0.831 | ||||||
| Total magnesium intakec | 8 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0 | 6 | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | 0 | 5 | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 0 | |||
| Dietary magnesium intake | 7 | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.44 | 6 | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 35.4 | 3 | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 39.4 | |||
| Difference between top and bottom intake (mg/day)d | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.107 | 12 | 0.18 | 8 | 0.244 | ||||||
| ≥ 180 | 7 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0 | 5 | 0.83 (0.76–0.91) | 0 | 6 | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 0 | |||
| < 180 | 8 | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0 | 7 | 0.92 (0.81–1.03) | 26.2 | 2 | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 0 | |||
| Current CV eventse | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.074 | 12 | 0.393 | 8 | NA | ||||||
| Yes | 12 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0 | 11 | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 18.2 | 8 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0 | |||
| Unknown | 3 | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 0 | 1 | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) | NA | 0 | NA | NA | |||
| Hypercholesterolemiaf | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.48 | 12 | 0.565 | 8 | 0.651 | ||||||
| Yes | 7 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0 | 6 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 6.9 | 5 | 0.90 (0.76–1.08) | 0 | |||
| Unknown | 8 | 0.86 (0.79–0.95) | 13.1 | 6 | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) | 32.4 | 3 | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 40.3 | |||
| Current diabetesg | ||||||||||||
| Total | 15 | 0.039 | 12 | 0.159 | 8 | NA | ||||||
| Yes | 10 | 0.91 (0.82–0.97) | 0 | 10 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 13.5 | 8 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Unknown | 5 | 0.75 (0.64–0.88) | 0 | 2 | 0.72 (0.56–0.92) | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | ||
BMI, body mass index; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; SFFQ, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire; CV events, cardiovascular events; RR, relative risk; NA, not available.
Several studies reported stroke outcome of male and female participants in different cohorts.
Male and female participants were in the same cohort.
Total magnesium intake (milligrams per day) included the total amount of magnesium from both food (diet) and supplements.
Subtract the lowest category intake from the highest.
Grouped by whether participants with or without CV events. CV events include coronary heart disease, heart attack, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and self-reported heart disease etc.,hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg or on antihypertensive drugs use) in this part could be regarded as CV events. Stroke is not included.
Grouped by whether participants with or without hypercholesterolemia. Hypercholesterolemia in this part means cholesterol concentration ≥ 240 mg/dL.
Grouped by whether participants with or without diabetes.