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. 2019 Apr 18;8(8):e00810. doi: 10.1002/mbo3.810

Figure 3.

Figure 3

(a) SCFAs owns the ability to influence Tregs development through membrane protein (SLC5A8, GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A), which can promote an anti‐inflammatory environment. GPR109A,(Furusawa et al., 2013) activated by butyrate, suppresses intestinal inflammation by induction of IL‐18 secretion; GPR43,(Smith et al., 2013) activated by acetate promotes resolution of intestinal inflammation by inducing apoptosis of inflammatory cells; GPR41, activated(Lührs et al., 2002) by butyrate, suppresses intestinal inflammation via inhibition of NF‐kB activation; LC5A8,(Thangaraju et al., 2010) suppresses intestinal inflammation via inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC). (b). Enterochromaffin cells are responsible for the synthesis of 5HT that is partially modulated by GM as SCFAs increase the synthesis of 5HT.(Reigstad et al., 2015)