Table 4.
Mean annual estimates of the direct and indirect costs (expressed in US dollars) of influenza‐associated illness in South Africa, 2013‐2015 (main analysis using influenza‐associated illness specific costs)
| Parameter | Mean value per illness episode (95% CI) | Total (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Medically attended severe illness (hospitalization) | ||
| Total absenteeism (d) | 3.4 (2.3‐4.6) | 209 572 (84 619‐440 568) |
| Absenteeism from school | 0.5 (0.3‐0.7) | 30 731 (11 922‐56 851) |
| Absenteeism from worka | 2.9 (2.7‐3.1) | 178 841 (103 728‐253 954) |
| Total cost ($) | 770 (453‐1212) | 47 079 788 (16 721 728‐115 933 018) |
| Direct cost | 733 (433‐1154) | 44 850 281 (15 994 271‐110 428 451) |
| Healthcare system | 719 (425‐1135) | 43 994 581 (15 689 490‐108 586 025) |
| Out‐of‐pocketa | 14 (8‐19) | 855 700 (304 781‐1 842 426) |
| Indirect costa | 36 (20‐58) | 2 229 507 (727 457‐5 504 567) |
| Medically attended mild illness (outpatient consultation) | ||
| Total absenteeism (d) | 1.4 (0.9‐2.1) | 3 742 312 (873 845‐6 817 553) |
| Absenteeism from school | 1.0 (0.8‐1.2) | 2 521 551 (920 848‐3 920 389) |
| Absenteeism from worka | 0.4 (0.3‐0.5) | 1 220 761 (878 948‐1 562 574) |
| Total cost ($) | 40 (34‐53) | 107 987 566 (35 258 178‐174 171 071) |
| Direct cost | 27 (24‐30) | 73 787 330 (29 030 921‐97 863 181) |
| Healthcare system | 25 (23‐27) | 67 298 918 (27 162 744‐87 393 369) |
| Out‐of‐pocketa | 2 (1‐3) | 6 488 412 (1 868 177‐10 469 812) |
| Indirect costa | 13 (6‐23) | 34 200 236 (6 227 257‐76 307 890) |
| Non‐medically attended mild and severe illness | ||
| Total absenteeism (d) | 1.1 (0.9‐1.7) | 9 272 992 (2 615 225‐16 256 362) |
| Absenteeism from school | 0.5 (0.6‐0.7) | 4 243 098 (1 730 659‐6 488 287) |
| Absenteeism from worka | 0.6 (0.3‐1.0) | 5 029 894 (884 566‐9 768 075) |
| Total cost ($) | 15 (9‐24) | 115 470 713 (28 367 196‐227 359 471) |
| Direct cost | 4 (3‐5) | 33 428 616 (13 598 817‐44 927 770) |
| Healthcare system | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| Out‐of‐pocketa | 4 (3‐5) | 33 428 616 (13 598 817‐44 927 770) |
| Indirect costa | 11 (5‐19) | 82 042 097 (14 768 379‐182 431 701) |
| Total of above categories | ||
| Total absenteeism (d) | 1.2 (0.9‐1.8) | 13 224 876 (3 573 689‐23 514 483) |
| Absenteeism from school | 0.6 (0.4‐0.8) | 6 795 380 (2 663 429‐10 465 527) |
| Absenteeism from worka | 0.6 (0.3‐0.9) | 6 429 496 (1 867 242‐11 584 603) |
| Total cost ($) | 25 (20‐32) | 270 538 067 (80 347 102‐517 463 560) |
| Direct cost | 14 (10‐19) | 152 066 227 (58 624 009‐253 219 402) |
| Healthcare system | 10 (6‐15) | 111 293 499 (42 852 234‐195 979 394) |
| Out‐of‐pocketa | 4 (3‐5) | 40 772 728 (15 771 775‐57 240 008) |
| Indirect costa | 11 (5‐17) | 118 471 840 (21 723 093‐264 244 158) |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence intervals.
a
Patient and caregiver.