Skip to main content
. 2019 Jul 8;10(17):4038–4044. doi: 10.7150/jca.28989

Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of urine cytology 22

Specimen Type Advantages Disadvantages
Voided urine Non-invasive
No instrumentation artifact		 Low cellularity
Vaginal contamination
Poor preservation
Catheterized High cellularity Invasive
Instrumentation artifact
Poor preservation
Bladder washing High cellularity
Good cell preservation		 Invasive
Instrumentation artifact
Upper tract washing High cellularity
Good preservation
Selective sampling		 Invasive
Instrumentation artifact
Brush cytology Selective sampling Invasive
Air drying possible (if direct smear)