Table 1. Visit 5 Participant Characteristics Stratified by 24-Year BP Patterns Using the Standard Hypertension Definition.
| Characteristic | 24-y Longitudinal Blood Pressure Patterns, No. (%)a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Midlife and Late-Life Normotension | Midlife Normotension, Late-Life Hypertension | Midlife and Late-Life Hypertension | Midlife Normotension, Late-Life Hypotension | Midlife Hypertension, Late-Life Hypotension | |
| No.b | 833 | 1559 | 1030 | 927 | 389 |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 73.8 (4.4) | 74.9 (4.9) | 75.2 (4.9) | 76.0 (5.2) | 77.9 (5.2) |
| Men | 369 (44.3) | 639 (41.0) | 382 (37.1) | 374 (40.4) | 168 (43.2) |
| Women | 464 (55.7) | 920 (59.0) | 648 (62.9) | 553 (59.7) | 221 (56.8) |
| Black | 93 (11.2) | 299 (19.2) | 429 (41.7) | 68 (7.3) | 79 (20.3) |
| White | 740 (88.8) | 1260 (80.8) | 601 (58.4) | 859 (92.7) | 310 (79.7) |
| Center | |||||
| Minneapolis, Minnesota | 315 (37.8) | 507 (32.5) | 248 (24.1) | 358 (38.6) | 114 (29.3) |
| Washington County, Maryland | 183 (22.0) | 401 (25.7) | 215 (20.9) | 329 (35.5) | 158 (40.6) |
| Forsyth County, North Carolina | 250 (30.0) | 371 (23.8) | 162 (15.7) | 177 (19.1) | 41 (10.5) |
| Jackson, Mississippi | 85 (10.2) | 280 (18.0) | 405 (39.3) | 63 (6.8) | 76 (19.5) |
| Education | |||||
| <High school | 59 (7.1) | 196 (12.6) | 173 (16.8) | 89 (9.6) | 61 (15.7) |
| High school/GED/vocational | 326 (39.1) | 664 (42.7) | 438 (42.4) | 405 (43.7) | 182 (46.8) |
| College/graduate/professional | 448 (53.8) | 699 (44.9) | 419 (40.6) | 433 (46.7) | 146 (37.5) |
| Apolipoprotein E ε4 allelesc | |||||
| 0 (lowest AD risk) | 594 (73.3) | 1111 (73.4) | 700 (70.1) | 652 (72.6) | 265 (69.9) |
| 1 (moderate AD risk) | 204 (25.2) | 373 (24.6) | 269 (27.0) | 228 (25.4) | 107 (28.2) |
| 2 (highest AD risk) | 12 (1.5) | 32 (2.1) | 27 (2.7) | 18 (2.0) | 7 (1.9) |
| Physiological and laboratory variables, mean (SD) | |||||
| Body mass indexd | 27.5 (4.7) | 28.8 (5.2) | 30.8 (6.3) | 27.3 (5.6) | 29.4 (5.7) |
| Systolic BP, mm Hge | 124.3 (9.5) | 137.2 (16.4) | 138.1 (18.6) | 117.1 (14.3) | 121.1 (16.3) |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hge | 68.5 (6.1) | 71.8 (8.3) | 71.9 (8.6) | 53.9 (4.6) | 53.8 (4.8) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 195.3 (41.5) | 183.1 (41.8) | 179.7 (38.9) | 178.2 (40.4) | 165.8 (37.4) |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.5 (14.0) | 52.5 (14.1) | 51.1 (13.3) | 53.3 (14.2) | 49.0 (12.0) |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 116.2 (35.0) | 105.1 (34.7) | 102.6 (32.5) | 101.3 (32.7) | 91.2 (31.0) |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| Diabetes | 100 (12.0) | 401 (25.7) | 396 (38.5) | 238 (25.7) | 172 (44.2) |
| Coronary heart disease | 37 (4.4) | 182 (11.7) | 143 (13.9) | 166 (17.9) | 105 (27.0) |
| Heart failure | 12 (1.4) | 52 (3.3) | 61 (5.9) | 55 (5.9) | 34 (8.7) |
| Medication | |||||
| Antihypertensive | 0 | 1266 (81.2) | 1004 (97.5) | 538 (58.0) | 373 (95.9) |
| No. of BP–lowering medication, No. (%)f | 0.25 (0.5) | 1.2 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.4) |
| 0 | 661 (79.4) | 490 (31.4) | 94 (9.1) | 367 (39.6) | 32 (8.2) |
| 1 | 142 (17.1) | 520 (33.4) | 277 (26.9) | 256 (27.6) | 85 (21.9) |
| 2 | 25 (3.0) | 361 (23.2) | 336 (32.6) | 181 (19.5) | 101 (26.0) |
| ≥3 | 5 (0.6) | 188 (12.1) | 323 (31.4) | 123 (13.3) | 171 (44.0) |
| Cholesterol lowering | 322 (38.9) | 890 (57.2) | 623 (60.8) | 532 (57.6) | 280 (72.2) |
| Cigarette smoking statusg | |||||
| Current | 47 (5.6) | 93 (6.0) | 52 (5.1) | 79 (8.5) | 19 (4.9) |
| Former | 421 (50.5) | 833 (53.4) | 507 (49.2) | 471 (50.8) | 198 (50.9) |
| Never | 365 (43.8) | 633 (40.6) | 471 (45.7) | 377 (40.7) | 172 (44.2) |
| Alcohol consumptionh | |||||
| Current | 497 (59.7) | 832 (53.4) | 417 (40.5) | 486 (52.4) | 165 (42.4) |
| Former | 185 (22.2) | 422 (27.1) | 324 (31.5) | 272 (29.3) | 144 (37.0) |
| Never | 151 (18.1) | 305 (19.6) | 289 (28.1) | 169 (18.2) | 80 (20.6) |
| Visit 6 attendance status | |||||
| Attended | 616 (74.0) | 1096 (70.3) | 690 (67.0) | 647 (69.8) | 216 (55.5) |
| Alive but did not attend | 198 (23.8) | 418 (26.8) | 287 (27.9) | 234 (25.2) | 141 (36.3) |
| Death before visit 6 | 19 (2.3) | 45 (2.9) | 53 (5.2) | 46 (5.0) | 32 (8.2) |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; BP, blood pressure; GED, general education diploma; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
SI conversion factor: to convert cholesterol level to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259.
Longitudinal BP patterns are determined by 24-year patterns of normotension, hypertension, and hypotension measured at visits 1 to 5, as defined in Figure 1. Participants with midlife hypertension and late-life normotension were not included in the standard hypertension definition analyses because of small sample size (n = 23).
The number with missing data are 9 for systolic and diastolic BP, 24 for LDL-C, and 19 for cholesterol-lowering medication use.
A greater number of apolipoprotein E ε4 alleles is associated with a higher risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease. The number with missing data are 139 for the apolipoprotein E genotype.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
All participants missing systolic and diastolic BP met standard hypertension criteria at visit 5 based on antihypertensive medication use.
Includes medication not taken for hypertension that secondarily lowers BP.
Current indicates a participant report of current cigarette use. Former indicates any report of cigarette use at a previous study visit or of past cigarette use.
Current indicates any alcohol consumption within the last 6 months. Former indicates any previous alcohol consumption if none was consumed within the last 6 months.