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. 2019 Aug 12;173(10):e192574. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2574

Table 2. Measures of Association and Risk of Bias of Included Studies.

Source Covariates Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Study Selection Subscore Study Comparability Subscore Outcomes Subscore Quality Rating Summary Score
Audrain-McGovern et al,7 2018 Age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, family history of combustible cigarette and drug use, peer combustible cigarette and marijuana use, Temperament and Character Inventory impulsivity subscale, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale 3 1 2 6 3.67 (2.51-5.36)
Azagba,32 2018 Sex, grade level, socioeconomic status, living area, and region of residence 2 1 0 3 7.05 (4.95-10.03)
Bluestein,33 2017 Sex, race, education level, household income, and the total number of tobacco products used 3 2 0 5 1.91 (1.13-3.22)
Camenga et al,34 2014 Sex, grade, and race 2 1 0 3 29.14 (9.54-88.92)
Cohn et al,35 2015 Age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment 2 1 0 3 3.30 (1.61-6.73)
Conway et al,36 2018 Age, sex, race/ethnicity, lifetime mental health (internalizing and externalizing) symptoms, and sensation seeking 3 1 0 4 9.70 (8.31-11.31)
Curran et al,5 2018 Age, sex, and race/ethnicity 2 2 0 4 6.90 (5.55-8.57)
Dai et al,6 2018 Sensation seeking, ever use of cigarettes, drinking, nonmedical use of prescription drugs and other illicit drugs, and demographic characteristics (sex, race and/or ethnicity, grade performance, parental education, and region) 4 2 2 8 1.90 (1.42-2.53)
Dautzenberg et al,37 2015 Age, smoking status of best friend, smoking status of sibling, ever smoked a cigarette, ever smoked shisha, smoking status, private school vs public, and parental message of prohibition 2 2 0 4 1.90 (1.32-2.72)
Dunbar et al,23 2017 Age, sex, mother's education level, nuclear family status, intervention group, and smokeless tobacco use 2 2 0 4 6.95 (5.36-9.01)
Fotiou et al,38 2015 Sex, life satisfaction, cigarette smoking, cannabis use, and presence of peers who smoke tobacco 2 2 0 4 2.20 (1.37-3.53)
Kong et al,39 2017 Age, sex, ethnicity, family structure, highest degree of mother and father, substance use, antisocial behaviors, stress coping scale, and school clustering 2 2 0 4 0.98 (0.24-3.26)
Kristjansson et al,40 2017 Age, sex, family structure, race, and each parent education 2 2 0 4 3.85 (2.54-5.84)
McCabe et al,31 2017 Age, sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, college plans, urbanicity, and geographical region 2 1 0 3 4.97 (4.09-6.04)
Milicic and Leatherdale,41 2017 Sex and school clustering 2 2 0 4 5.55 (4.96-6.20)
Saddleson et al,42 2015 Age, sex, race/ethnicity, institution, tobacco smoking, school ability, other tobacco use in the past 30 d, and beliefs about e-cigarette harm 1 2 0 3 2.37 (1.69-3.32)
Sutfin et al,43 2013 Sex, sensation seeking, current binge drinking, current marijuana use, lifetime illegal drug use, and e-cigarette harm perception 1 2 0 3 0.94 (0.64-1.38)
Tavolacci et al,44 2016 Age, university, student job holder, study grant holder, curriculum, and academic year 1 2 0 3 2.44 (1.70 -3.51)
Unger et al,45 2016 Age, sex, and other substance abuse 3 2 2 7 1.97 (1.01-3.85)
White et al,46 2015 Age, sex, school deprivation, income/allowance, smoking status, parental smoking behavior, close friends’ smoking behavior, use of tobacco products other than cigarettes (eg, chewing tobacco and cigars) in the past 30 d, ever use of marijuana, and ever engagement in binge drinking 2 2 0 4 2.24 (1.46-3.43)
Williams and White,47 2018 Age, sex, socioeconomic status, school level clustering, and education sector 2 2 0 4 9.00 (1.72-13.89)