Table 1.
Genes associated with T-cell immune responses in HF
| Experimental Animal Models | Disease Model Phenotype |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic HF |
||||||
| I/R | Acute | Chronic | Nonischemic HF | Experimental autoimmunity | References | |
| Ccr2−/− or Ab depletion | Protected | (69) | ||||
| Ccr5 −/− | More damage | (18) | ||||
| Cd28 −/− | More damage | (107) | ||||
| Cd4−/−, Ab depletion, MhcII−/− | Protected | More damage | Protected | (30, 44, 56) | ||
| Cxcr3 −/− | Similar to WT | Protected | (64, 78) | |||
| Cxcl10−/− | Protected | (10) | ||||
| Cd11c−/− or Ab depletion | More damage | Protected | (37, 95) | |||
| Icam1 −/− | Protected | (76) | ||||
| Ifng−/−, Ifngr−/− | Protected | Protected/more damage | (20–22, 28) | |||
| Il17a−/−, Il17ra−/− | Protected | (5, 99) | ||||
| NOD DQ8+ | More damage | (51) | ||||
| OTII | Protected | (44) | ||||
| Pdcd1 (PD-1)−/− | More damage | (89) | ||||
| Cd274 (PD-L1/2)−/− | More damage | (26, 89) | ||||
| Rag2 −/− | Protected | (44) | ||||
| Rorc −/− | Protected | (100) | ||||
| Tbx21 −/− | More damage | (73) | ||||
| Tcra −/− | Protected | (44, 61) | ||||
| Treg DTR or Ab depletion | Protected | More damage | Protected | (7, 30, 56) | ||
A protected phenotype frequently shows low inflammatory responses, which usually lead to a reduction of adverse cardiac remodeling. In contrast, a “more damage” phenotype is based on an increase in T-cell immune responses that mainly contributes to cardiac fibrosis and therefore to dilated cardiomyopathy. I/R, ischemic-reperfusion; Ab, antibody; HF, heart failure; WT, wild type.