TABLE 1:
Overall Sample Characteristics
| No Chronic Opioid Therapy (n = 76,584) | Chronic Opioid Therapy (n = 17,084) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Female | 38,548 (50.3) | 10,134 (59.3) | <0.001 |
| Age | |||
| Mean (median), y | 23.0 (23) | 23.6 (24) | <0.001 |
| 15–19 y, No. (%) | 18,512 (24.2) | 3267 (19.1) | <0.001 |
| 20–24 y, No. (%) | 26,505 (34.6) | 5710 (33.4) | |
| 25–29 y, No. (%) | 31,567 (41.2) | 8107 (47.5) | |
| Geographic region, No. (%) | |||
| Northeast | 18,148 (23.7) | 2833 (16.6) | <0.001 |
| North Central | 18,910 (24.7) | 4087 (23.9) | |
| South | 27,151 (35.5) | 7076 (41.4) | |
| West | 10,805 (14.1) | 2800 (16.4) | |
| Other | 1570 (2.1) | 288 (1.7) | |
| Insurance,a No. (%) | |||
| EPO/PPO | 49,299 (69.3) | 10,934 (68.1) | <0.001 |
| HMO/Cap POSb | 9915 (13.9) | 2437 (15.2) | |
| HDHP/CDHP | 5915 (8.3) | 1123 (8.3) | |
| POS | 5040 (7.1) | 1331 (7.0) | |
| COMP | 954 (1.3) | 234 (1.5) | |
| IBD type, No. (%) | |||
| Crohn’s disease | 38,860 (50.7) | 10,039 (58.8) | <0.001 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 31,884 (41.6) | 5546 (32.5) | |
| Indeterminate colitis | 5840 (7.6) | 1499 (8.8) | |
| IBD medications, No. (%) | |||
| Biologics | 20,069 (26.2) | 6292 (36.8) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroids | 35,301 (46.1) | 12,838 (75.2) | <0.001 |
| Immunomodulators | 21,955 (28.7) | 5789 (33.9) | <0.001 |
| 5-ASA | 44,020 (57.5) | 9910 (58) | 0.21 |
| Comorbidities, % | |||
| Pain | |||
| Abdominal pain | 56 | 85.5 | <0.001 |
| Joint pain | 21 | 46.4 | <0.001 |
| Chronic back pain | 6.3 | 22.9 | <0.001 |
| Migraines | 6.3 | 19 | <0.001 |
| Chronic pain, unspecified | 1.2 | 14.2 | <0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 1.5 | 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.3 | 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric | |||
| Depression | 22.2 | 55.2 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety | 14.2 | 35.1 | <0.001 |
| Substance use | |||
| Tobacco | 5.7 | 22.4 | <0.001 |
| Substance abuse | 1.6 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol abuse | 1.9 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
aPatients were classified under the insurance plan of their first UC or CD diagnosis.
bHMO/Cap POS are capitated plans. All other plans are noncapitated.