TABLE 3:

Health Care Utilization and Costs

	No Chronic Opioid Therapy; Enrollment for 2+ y (n = 76,584)	Chronic Opioid Therapy for 1–3 y; Enrollment ≥4 y (n = 2371)	Persistent Chronic Opioid Therapy ≥4 y (n = 132)	P
Health care utilization
IBD hospitalizations, %
0	74.4	36.9	15.2	<0.001
1–2	15.5	42	43.7
3–4	4.7	10.4	16.1
5+	5.4	10.6	25
≥1 IBD surgeries	7.8	26.4	46.2	<0.001
Outpatient visits, mean	12.3	16.3	26.4	<0.001
≥1 ED visits	48.5	88.1	96.2	<0.001
Polypharmacy,a mean	3.9	4.2	5.9	<0.001
No. prescriptions, %
0–4	65	61.7	28
5+	35	38.3	72	<0.001
Health care costs
High-cost patients,b %	9.2	13.9	28.8	<0.001
Total costs per year (SD), $	20,473 (40,105)	28,139 (30,342)	44,766 (42,823)	<0.001
Hospitalization cost (SD), $	6351 (7041)	7028 (7996)	5284 (3597)	<0.001

^aExcluding IBD medications.

^bHigh-cost patients defined as annual health care costs >$50,000.