Table 4.
Cox Proportional Hazard Model for identifying risk factors for incident TB
| Characteristics | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | Adjusted Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
p-value | |
| Age > 40 years (Ref: ≤ 40 years) | 1.07 (0.794, 1.432) | 0.668 | 1.01 (0.746, 1.375) | 0.935 |
| Male (Ref: Female) | 1.36 (0.978, 1.877) | 0.068 | 0.96 (0.616, 1.495) | 0.855 |
| Ever Tobacco user (Ref: not used tobacco) | 1.90 (1.413, 2.560) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 (0.737, 1.584) | 0.690 |
| Ever consumed Alcohol (Ref: not consume alcohol) | 1.39 (1.036, 1.866) | 0.028 | 1.10 (0.770, 1.572) | 0.599 |
| History of baseline prevalent TB (Ref: No baseline prevalent TB) | 1.23 (0.909, 1.656) | 0.181 | ||
| Haemoglobin at baseline ≤10 g/dl (n = 1592)(Ref: > 10 g/dl)a | 1.80 (1.290, 2.504) | 0.001 | ||
| Virologic failure on ART (VF)(Ref: Virologic success (VS)) | 9.51 (7.078, 12.786) | < 0.0001 | 3.05 (2.094, 4.454) | < 0.0001 |
| ART alone (Ref: ART plus IPT) | 12.71 (5.217, 30.943) | < 0.0001 | 8.24 (3.358, 20.204) | < 0.0001 |
| Pre ART CD4+ ≤ 200 cells/mm3(Ref: > 200 cells/mm3) | 1.87 (1.326, 2.647) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (0.816, 1.714) | 0.377 |
| Pre ART CD4+ (Ref: > 500 cells/mm3) | ||||
| ≤ 50 | 6.87 (0.937, 50.321) | 0.058 | ||
| 51–200 | 6.60 (0.921, 47.370) | 0.060 | ||
| 201–500 | 3.79 (0.521, 27.596) | 0.188 | ||
| Current/updated CD4+ (Ref: > 500 cells/mm3) | ||||
| ≤ 200 | 17.60 (10.783, 28.716) | < 0.0001 | 6.62 (3.678, 11.915) | < 0.0001 |
| 201–350 | 4.19 (2.401, 7.313) | < 0.0001 | 3.22 (1.808, 5.746) | < 0.0001 |
| 351–500 | 2.43 (1.297, 4.555) | < 0.0001 | 2.05 (1.083, 3.888) | 0.027 |
ART antiretroviral therapy, IPT isoniazid preventive therapy, TB tuberculosis
aHemoglobin data is not available for 312 patients, hence excluded from the multivariate analysis