The indispensable roles of ovulation and estrogen in endometriosis, highlighting the mechanisms of menstruation, tissue survival, inflammation and pain, and the targets of treatment in endometriosis. E2, estradiol; P, progesterone. [Adapted with permission from Bulun SE. Endometriosis. In: Strauss J, Barbieri R, eds. Yen & Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:609–642. Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier.]