Table 7.
Characteristic Comparison Between Patients Requiring Prolonged Opioid Use (>1 Year) After Fusion and Patients Without Prolonged Opioid Use, n (%).
| Characteristic | Patients With Prolonged (>1 Year) Opioid Use After Fusion | Patients Without Prolonged Opioid Use After Fusion | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total patients | 8740 | 4517 | n/a |
| Male | 3458 (39.6) | 1928 (42.7) | <.001 |
| Female | 5282 (60.4) | 2589 (57.3) | |
| Average LOS (days) | 8.05 (SD = 7.9) | 7.62 (SD = 6.4) | <.001 |
| Geographical region breakdown | |||
| Midwest | 2002 (22.9) | 1220 (27.0) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 159 (1.8) | 117 (2.6) | |
| South | 5649 (64.6) | 2712 (60.0) | |
| West | 930 (10.6) | 468 (10.4) | |
| Race breakdown | |||
| Unknown | 728 (8.3) | 574 (12.7) | <.0001 |
| White | 7149 (81.8) | 3578 (79.2) | |
| Black | 673 (7.7) | 253 (5.6) | |
| Other | 64 (0.7) | 43 (1.0) | |
| Asian | 19 (0.2) | 14 (0.3) | |
| Hispanic | 86 (1.0) | 46 (1.0) | |
| North American Native | 21 (0.2) | 9 (0.2) | |
| Preoperative comorbidities | |||
| Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) | 2145 (24.5) | 918 (20.3) | <.0001 |
| Any opioid use 6 months prior to fusion | 5982 (68.4) | 1674 (37.1) | <.05 |
| Smoker | 1778 (20.3) | 517 (11.4) | <.05 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 3236 (37.0) | 1587 (35.1) | <.05 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LOS, length of stay; n/a, not applicable; SD, standard deviation.