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. 2019 Aug 7;13:56. doi: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00056

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Copyright © 2019 Iyengar, Pithapuram, Singh and Raghavan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) This figure shows NEUROiD and OpenSim integration. The OpenSim model is driven by the motoneuron activations evaluated in NEUROiD and the calculated afferent firing rates are used by NEUROiD as a proxy for afferent stimulation (refer Figure 3). The OpenSim model is seen performing a dorsi-flexion when the flexor motoneurons (tibialis anterior) were activated during simulation. (B) OpenSim model performing plantar-flexion when the extensor motoneurons (gastrocnemius) were activated during simulation. (C) An LFP probe was placed at a point close to the L4 segment of spinal cord during the simulation. The 3D location of the probe was (x:3438, y:–1062, z:500). This figure shows the plot of recorded LFP. LFP is evaluated using the LFPSim (Parasuram et al., 2016), which is integrated into NEUROiD. LFPSim evaluates LFP using point source approximation, line source approximation and low pass RC methods. LFPSim uses the extracellular mechanism available in NEURON to simulate extracellular potentials. We used the default values of extracellular capacitance (xc), extracellular resistance (xaxial) and extracellular conductivity (xg) set by LFPSim. (D) This figure shows the orderly recruitment of motoneuron groups. We see that the S type motoneurons start firing at 3 nA. The FR and FF type motoneurons are recruited at 15 and 25 nA, respectively. These thresholds match with the rheobase values of slow, fast fatigue resistant and fast fatigue motoneuron models (refer Cisi and Kohn, 2008, Table 2).