Table 3.

Characteristics of the RAIL Urinary Biomarkers.

Biomarker	Size	Renal Source	Function in Kidney
NGAL	25 kDa (monomeric)	Distal and proximal nephron	Nephroprotective, bacteriostatic, pro-proliferative, iron chelation
MCP-1	13 kDa	Epithelial, endothelial, mesangial, and fibroblasts	Regulates inflammatory infiltration into kidney tissue
KIM-1	80 kDa (ectodomain)	Proximal nephron	Nephroprotective, enhances apoptotic removal of damaged cells
Adiponectin	30 kDa	None - from adipocytes	Inhibits cell death, suppresses inflammation
Hemopexin	52 kDa	None - from liver	Heme chelation, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory
Ceruloplasmin	132 kDa	Glomerular epithelium	Anti-oxidant