Table 4.
Means and standard deviations of joint attention time measures (seconds) and analysis of variance results for cross-group comparisons.
| Variable | TD n = 33 |
ASD n = 29 |
HV ASD n = 15 |
LV ASD n = 14 |
TD vs. ASD a | TD vs. subgroups b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RJA, M | 966.86 | 654.94 | 911.28 | 380.28 | F(1, 60) = 12.33 | F(2, 59) = 19.86 |
| RJA, SD | (258.54) | (429.56) | (328.20) | (352.65) | TD > ASD* | TD > LV ASD* |
| RJA range | (588–1,426) | (0–1,330) | (171–1,330) | (0–979) | LV ASD < HV ASD* | |
| IJA, M | 121.68 | 43.12 | 70.00 | 14.32 | F(1, 60) = 16.55 | F(2, 59) = 10.75 |
| IJA, SD | (91.64) | (52.34) | (56.40) | (27.33) | TD > ASD* | TD > LV ASD* |
| IJA range | (0–391) | (0–189) | (0–189) | (0–84) | ||
| PA, M | 131.17 | 279.44 | 149.95 | 418.17 | F(1, 60) = 8.17 | F(2, 59) = 12.87 |
| PA, SD | (126.53) | (265.98) | (125.21) | (308.90) | ASD > TD* | TD < LV ASD* |
| PA range | (2–491) | (26–947) | (26–418) | (32–947) | LV ASD > HV ASD* |
Note. TD = typically developing; ASD = autism spectrum disorder; HV = high verbal; LV = low verbal; RJA = responding to joint attention; IJA = initiating joint attention; PA = passive attention.
a
The analysis of variance results for across-groups comparison between TD children and children with ASD (the whole group).
b
The analysis of variance results for across-groups comparison between TD children and high and low verbal children with ASD, with significant post hoc comparisons via Tukey's test.
*
p < .01.