Table 2.

Participants' performance on executive function (EF) tasks for the typically developing (TD) group and the group with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as a whole, as well as subdivided according to language status.

EF component	EF task	TD (n = 71)	ASD (n = 48)	ASD LI (n = 20)	ASD LN (n = 28)
Inhibition	Flanker
	Mean (SD)	0.9 (0.1)	0.9 (0.2)	0.8 (0.2)	0.9 (0.1)
	Range	0.6–1.0	0.3–1.0	0.3–1.0	0.5–1.0
	Skewness	−2.2	−1.6	−0.8	−2.4
	Kurtosis	6.0	2.0	−0.1	7.1
	Go/no-go
	Mean (SD)	0.8 (0.1)	0.7 (0.2)	0.7 (0.3)	0.8 (0.2)
	Range	0.4–1.0	0.0–1.0	0.0–1.0	0.1–1.0
	Skewness	−0.8	−1.5	−1.2	−1.8
	Kurtosis	0.4	2.2	2.1	3.2
Shifting	Card sort
	Mean (SD)	0.7 (0.1)	0.7 (0.1)	0.6 (0.2)	0.7 (0.1)
	Range	0.4–1.0	0.3–1.0	0.3–1.0	0.5–0.9
	Skewness	−0.1	0.1	−0.9	0.2
	Kurtosis	−0.3	−0.3	0.5	−0.9
	Local/global
	Mean (SD)	0.9 (0.2)	0.7 (0.2)	0.6 (0.2)	0.8 (0.2)
	Range	0.3–1.0	0.3–1.0	0.3–1.0	0.4–1.0
	Skewness	−2.0	0.4	0.1	−1.0
	Kurtosis	4.5	−1.3	−0.7	−0.6
Updating working memory	Corsi blocks
	Mean (SD)	4.8 (0.8)	4.2 (1.2)	3.9 (1.2)	4.4 (1.2)
	Range	3.0–7.0	1.0–6.0	1.0–6.0	1.0–6.0
	Skewness	−0.4	−0.5	−0.1	−0.9
	Kurtosis	0.7	0.2	0.3	1.2
	n-Back
	Mean (SD)	0.8 (0.2)	0.7 (0.2)	0.6 (0.3)	0.8 (0.2)
	Range	0.1–1.0	0.1	0.2	0.1
	Skewness	−1.4	−0.9	0.3	−2.1
	Kurtosis	2.4	0.0	−0.9	6.5

Note. ASD LI = autism spectrum disorder, language impairment (scored ≤ 81.25 on CELF-4 Core Language standard score, −1.25 SD); ASD LN = autism spectrum disorder, language normal (scored > 81.25 on CELF-4 Core Language standard score); CELF-4 = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition.