. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Apr 29;123(2):133–143. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.04.022

Table 3.

Studies assessing the association between cytokine levels in HM and FA in infants.

Study	Number of subjects	Duration of followup	Cytokines assessed	FA
Saarinen 1999 ⁹¹, Finland	6209	12 months	TGFβ-1, TGFβ-2	Higher TGFβ-1 levels in colostrum are associated with infants who develop IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy versus non-IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy; healthy controls were found in between
Bottcher 2003 ⁹², Sweden	53	2 years	IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-16, IFN-γ, TGFβ-1, TGFβ-2, RANTES, eotaxin	No significant association
Snijders 2006 ⁹³, Netherlands	315	2 years	IL-12 or TGFβ-1 (IL-10 undetectable)	No significant association
Kuitunen 2012 ⁹⁴, Finland	364 (colostrum) 321 (BM)	2 years	IL-10, TGFβ-1	No significant association
Järvinen 2015 ⁸⁸, Finland	145	2 years	IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 PDGF-BB, CCL27, VEGF, TSLP, CCL11, CXCL10, and CXCL11, CCL22, TGFβ-1, TNF-a and -b, CCL1, CCL17, IL-31, eotaxin 3, CXCL9, IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-12p70	Higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TGFβ-1 in HM showed association with cow’s milk tolerance
Munblit 2017 ⁹⁵, United Kingdom, Russia and Italy	398	6 months	IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFNγ, IL-12, IL-13, HGF, TGFβ-1, TGFβ-2, TGFβ-3	Higher IL-13 levels associated with protection, otherwise no significant association
Berdi 2018 ⁹⁶, France	263	5 years	Eotaxin, CX3CL1, CXCL1, IL-8, CXCL10, CCL7, CCL22, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, RANTES, IFNα2, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-1RA, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-9, IL-13, sCD40L, TNFα, TNFβ, EGF, FGF-2, G-CSF, Flt3L, GM-CSF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, TGFα, VEGF	Higher levels of CXCL10, TNFβ and IL-2 associated with protection against FA