Table 2.
Current and Emerging Therapies in Large Vessel Vasculitis
| A. Currently used therapies | ||
|---|---|---|
| Vascular GCA | Extravascular GCA | |
| Glucocorticoids | ++ | +++ |
| Methotrexate | ? | ? |
| Leflunomide | ? | ? |
| Cyclophosphamide | ? | ? |
| Azathioprine | ? | ? |
| Anti-TNF inhibitor | ? | ? |
| Anti-IL-6 therapy | ? | ++ |
| B. Emerging therapies | ||
| Target | Function | Example |
| JAK-STAT pathway | Cytokine responses | Tofacitinib Baricitinib |
| T cell co-stimulation | Adaptive immunity | Abatacept Anti-CD28 |
| T cell co-inhibition | Adaptive immunity | PD-L1 Fc |
| IL-12/IL-23 pathway | T cell differentiation | Ustekinumab |
| Proteases | Matrix degradation | Blocking MMP-9 |
| VEGF | Angiogenesis | Bevacizumab |
| mTOR pathway | Cellular nutrient sensor | Rapamycin |