Table 1.
Mother-infant characteristics jointly stratified by delivery mode and pre-pregnancy BMI category†
| Vaginally Delivered | Cesarean Section Delivered | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Weight (n = 148) | Overweight (n = 58) | Obese (n = 35) | Normal Weight (n = 38) | Overweight (n = 32) | Obese (n = 24) | |
| Maternal age, years, mean (SD) | 32.2 (4.5) | 31.2 (4.1) | 30.6 (4.3) | 33.2 (4.8) | 31.7 (4.7) | 32.9 (4.7) |
| Gestational age, wk, mean (SD) | 39.5 (1.6) | 39.88 (1.2) | 39.4 (1.9) | 39.3 (1.7) | 39.2 (2.0) | 38.9 (1.6) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 22.2 (1.6) | 26.9 (1.4) | 35.1 (4.2) | 22.3 (1.5) | 27.3 (1.3) | 36.1 (5.0) |
| Gestational weight gain, lb, mean (SD) | 33.3 (10.5) | 31.1 (12.8) | 23.8 (13.6) | 37.8 (14.8) | 30.3 (9.5) | 25.6 (12.9) |
| Exclusively breastfed at 6 weeks, n (%) | 113 (76.4%) | 40 (69.0%) | 19 (54.3%) | 28 (73.7%) | 19 (59.4%) | 12 (50.0%) |
| Infant sex, fem, n (%) | 74 (50.0%) | 32 (55.2%) | 14 (40.0%) | 28 (73.7%) | 17 (53.1%) | 12 (50.0%) |
| Infant birth weight, g (SD) | 3418.0 (513.6) | 3575.2 (414.8) | 3268.5 (513.6) | 3411.2 (556.2) | 3421.1 (476.5) | 3432.0 (591.1) |
| Parity, n (%) | ||||||
| 0 | 57 (38.5%) | 22 (37.9%) | 19 (54.3%) | 22 (57.9%) | 17 (53.1%) | 14 (58.3%) |
| 1 | 66 (44.6%) | 27 (46.6%) | 8 (22.9%) | 13 (34.2%) | 10 (31.2%) | 8 (33.3%) |
| >= 2 | 25 (16.9%) | 9 (15.5%) | 8 (22.9%) | 3 (7.9%) | 5 (15.6%) | 2 (8.3%) |
| Highest education, n (%) | ||||||
| High School or less | 12 (8.4%) | 5 (9.1%) | 4 (12.9%) | 4 (10.5%) | 2 (6.5%) | 2 (8.7%) |
| Some college | 19 (13.3%) | 14 (25.5%) | 7 (22.6%) | 5 (13.2%) | 3 (9.7%) | 2 (8.7%) |
| College degree | 51 (35.7%) | 20 (36.4%) | 9 (29.0%) | 13 (34.2%) | 16 (51.6%) | 11 (47.8%) |
| Graduate school | 61 (42.7%) | 16 (29.1%) | 11 (35.5%) | 16 (42.1%) | 10 (32.3%) | 8 (34.8%) |
| Mediterranean Diet Score, mean (SD) | 4.15 (1.70) | 3.46 (2.08) | 2.87 (1.76) | 3.92 (1.92) | 3.32 (1.49) | 3.96 (1.77) |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||||
| Ever smoked | 126 (88.1%) | 50 (90.9%) | 27 (81.8%) | 34 (89.5%) | 29 (93.5%) | 21 (91.3%) |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 9 (6.3%) | 3 (5.5%) | 6 (18.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.2%) | 1 (4.3%) |
| Never smoked | 8 (5.6%) | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (10.5%) | 1 (3.2%) | 1 (4.3%) |
| Alcohol, drinks/wk, mean (SD) | 3.7 (5.2) | 3.1 (4.5) | 2.3 (4.4) | 3.5 (2.9) | 5.4 (5.8) | 2.0 (3.2) |
| Prenatal antibiotics, n (%) | 22 (15.9%) | 8 (14.8%) | 4 (12.9%) | 6 (16.2%) | 6 (21.4%) | 5 (21.7%) |
| Age at formula introduction among combination fed subjects, wk (SD) | 20.9 (17.3) | 18.7 (16.8) | 14.7 (14.2) | 16.4 (13.7) | 17.7 (17.0) | 14.1 (15.7) |
| Gut microbiome sample age wk, mean (SD) | 6.7 (2.0) | 6.5 (1.1) | 8.0 (4.8) | 6.5 (1.0) | 7.6 (4.4) | 6.1 (0.9) |
†
The following variables had missing data that is not shown in the table: birthweight (n = 10), birthweight z score (n = 14), gestational diabetes (n = 21), Pre-eclampsia (n = 21), gestational hypertension (n = 20), education (n = 14), Mediterranean diet score (n = 17), smoking (n = 12), prenatal antibiotics (n = 24), age first formula (n = 113).