Table 2.
Relative risks for previous fracture per standard deviation increase in parameter
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | ||||
| RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | RR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Bone microarchitectural | ||||||||
| Total area | 1.48 (1.13, 1.93) | 0.004 | 1.48 (1.11, 1.99) | 0.009 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.26) | 0.983 | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) | 0.321 |
| Cortical area | 0.85 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.189 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.09) | 0.201 | 0.69 (0.54, 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.69 (0.52, 0.92) | 0.012 |
| Cortical thickness | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92) | 0.009 | 0.74 (0.57, 0.95) | 0.021 | 0.72 (0.57, 0.91) | 0.007 | 0.76 (0.58, 1.01) | 0.057 |
| Cortical density | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.173 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 0.115 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.118 | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 0.472 |
| Cortical porosity | 0.90 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.418 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.21) | 0.507 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.030 | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.018 |
| Trabecular area | 1.47 (1.17, 1.85) | 0.001 | 1.46 (1.12, 1.91) | 0.005 | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | 0.591 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.26) | 0.670 |
| Trabecular density | 0.82 (0.63, 1.06) | 0.130 | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00) | 0.053 | 0.66 (0.54, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.033 |
| Trabecular number | 0.82 (0.63, 1.06) | 0.126 | 0.79 (0.62, 1.01) | 0.055 | 0.75 (0.60, 0.92) | 0.007 | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 0.346 |
| Trabecular thickness | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.269 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) | 0.153 | 0.66 (0.52, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.55, 0.90) | 0.004 |
| Trabecular separation | 1.23 (0.96, 1.60) | 0.107 | 1.28 (1.01, 1.62) | 0.039 | 1.38 (1.13, 1.70) | 0.002 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.46) | 0.230 |
| FEA | ||||||||
| Bone stiffness | 0.98 (0.74, 1.30) | 0.889 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.690 | 0.60 (0.48, 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.51, 0.83) | 0.001 |
| Bone failure load | 1.01 (0.76, 1.34) | 0.951 | 0.97 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.831 | 0.59 (0.47, 0.75) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.50, 0.82) | <0.001 |
| % load trabecular (distal) | 1.27 (0.97, 1.67) | 0.082 | 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) | 0.143 | 1.09 (0.85, 1.40) | 0.488 | 1.07 (0.79, 1.44) | 0.662 |
| % load trabecular (proximal) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) | 0.307 | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 0.675 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.721 | 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) | 0.966 |
| Young modulus | 0.78 (0.60, 1.01) | 0.057 | 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.065 | 0.66 (0.54, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95) | 0.019 |
| Von Mises stresses (trabecular) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.24) | 0.672 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.19) | 0.424 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.009 | 0.74 (0.56, 0.96) | 0.024 |
| Von Mises stresses (cortical) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 0.724 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 0.713 | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) | 0.970 | 1.01 (0.79, 1.28) | 0.963 |
| Trabecular strain | 0.92 (0.70, 1.22) | 0.576 | 0.87 (0.65, 1.17) | 0.358 | 0.71 (0.55, 0.92) | 0.009 | 0.74 (0.57, 0.96) | 0.022 |
| Cortical strain | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 0.795 | 0.95 (0.73, 1.24) | 0.719 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.15) | 0.397 | 0.93 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.528 |
Relative risks (RR) were obtained from Poisson regression models with robust variance estimation
Significant relative risks (P < 0.05) are given in bold
FEA finite element analysis; BMD bone mineral density
*Adjusted for age, height, BMI, dietary calcium, physical activity, smoking history (ever vs. never), alcohol consumption, social class, bisphosphonate use, time since menopause (women only) and hormone replacement therapy (women only)