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. 2019 Aug 14;10:3671. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11626-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — HG and CAC spatial response patterns differ across stimulation frequencies. a Neural responses to click trains in a representative electrode situated in the right primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s Gyrus) of patient S1. Lower left plot: time course of unfiltered event-related responses to the stimuli expressed in t-values relative to baseline. Responses are aligned with an exemplar of a stimulus (here a 40 Hz click train). Upper right plot: time course of high-gamma [HG, 70–200 Hz] amplitude in response to the stimulus, expressed in t-values relative to baseline, as a function of click train frequency (ranging from 5 Hz, blue to 250 Hz, red). HG onset [0–0.4 s] response is linearly proportional to the rate of the stimulus (upper inset). Lower right plot: magnitude squared stimulus-brain coherence (cerebro-acoustic coherence, CAC, expressed in t-values relative to baseline). CAC shows a sustained pattern through the duration of the stimulus that varies nonlinearly as a function of the stimulus rate and is prominent in the roughness range (40–100 Hz; lower inset). b–d Neural responses to click trains across all eleven patients. b Upper panel: spatial location of electrodes exhibiting significant HG onset responses to sounds. Colours represent the stimulation frequency at which HG response is maximal. Lower plot: time course of HG [70–200 Hz] responses averaged across these electrodes, expressed in t-values relative to baseline, as a function of stimulus frequency. HG amplitude at the response onset [0–400 ms] is linearly proportional to the rate of the stimulus (inset). c Electrodes showing sustained, significant stimulus-brain coherence (CAC) are spatially located in widespread cerebral areas. Colours represent the stimulation frequency at which CAC is maximal. Lower plot: CAC as a function of stimulus rate. Light grey circles correspond to individual data. d. Top panels: spatial location of all electrodes, colour-coded as a function of participant number. Lower panel: spatial location of electrodes that did not show any significant HG or CAC response. Error bars indicate SEM. Asterisks in panels a and b indicate significant correlation with stimulus frequency: *** indicates significant p-values at 0.001