Table 1.
Mean values of roundness, convexity and area equivalent diameter (DAeq) of ambient and laboratory soot particles (soot category C0 and C1).
| Convexity | Roundness | DAeq [nm] | Sampling location, probable dominant source (sampling date, estimated sample age*) | Potential for cloud processing | N | Literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.56 | 0.29 | 239 | Michigan Tech Pi Chamber, interstitial kerosene soot (January 2017, ~minutes) | low | 161 | This study |
| 0.59 | 0.32 | 323 | Bhaktapur, Nepal, brick kiln oven and road traffic (March 2017, ~minutes) | low | 123 | This study |
| 0.63 | 0.36 | 125 | West Bengal, India, urban (January 2018, ~minutes/mixed) | low | 101 | This study |
| 0.65 | 0.38 | 324 | Sacramento, California, urban (CARES, June 2010, ~minutes/mixed) | low | 161 | This study, Sharma et al.69 and Zaveri et al.52 |
| 0.70 | 0.40 | 222 | Ann Arbor, Michigan, road traffic (July–August 2010, ~minutes/mixed) | low | 796 | China et al.54 |
| 0.70 | 0.41 | 410 | Los Alamos, New Mexico, Las Conchas Fire plume (July 2011, <2 hours) | low | 411 | China et al.57 |
| 0.70 | 0.41 | 257 | Mexico City, urban (MILAGRO, March 2006, ~minutes/mixed) | low | 1601 | This study and China S.85 |
| 0.71 | 0.41 | 153 | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington nascent diesel soot (November 2013–January 2014, ~minutes) | low | 226 | China et al.17 |
| 0.71 | 0.43 | 326 | Po Valley, Italy, sunny day, urban outflow and road traffic (December 2015, ~minutes/mixed) | low | 109 | This study |
| 0.72 | 0.42 | 237 | Cool, California, urban outflow and road traffic (CARES, June 2010, ~hours) | low | 201 | This study, Sharma et al.69 and Zaveri et al.52 |
| 0.75 | 0.45 | 179 | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, supercooled water droplet residuals from diesel soot (November 2013–January 2014, ~minutes) | high | 208 | China et al.17 |
| 0.76 | 0.45 | 330 | Los Alamos, New Mexico, Whitewater-Baldy Complex Fire plume (May 2012, ~several hours) | low | 55 | This study and Girotto G.86 |
| 0.78 | 0.47 | 224 | Detling, UK, London and Benelux outflows (January 31st, Benelux; February 2–3, London, 2012, ~several hours) | medium | 1549 | This study and Girotto G.86 |
| 0.78 | 0.48 | 192 | Michigan Tech Pi Chamber turbulent cloud, residual kerosene soot (January 2017, ~minutes) | high | 160 | This study |
| 0.80 | 0.52 | 237 | Po Valley, Italy, foggy morning, urban outflow and road traffic (December 2015, ~minutes/mixed) | high | 144 | This study |
| 0.83 | 0.55 | 201 | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, ice crystal residuals from diesel soot (November 2013–January 2014, ~minutes) | high | 241 | China et al.17 |
| 0.84 | 0.58 | 248 | Pico Mountain Observatory, Azores, long range transport (July 2012, ~1 week) | high | 189 | China et al.18 |
*With the term “mixed” we indicate the potential presence of soot particles carried over from earlier emissions and mixing with fresher emissions. N is the number of single soot particles analyzed.
The data are sorted by increasing convexity.