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. 2019 Aug 14;9:11847. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48153-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Survivorship of female eiders with increasing age is related to both head size and annual risk of predation (killed females per nesting attempt). In benign years with low predation risk (panel A), small-headed females have higher survival, whereas the opposite is true during years of severe predation pressure (panel B). To illuminate the differences, the figures illustrate low and high extremes with respect to observed annual predation risk (see Methods). For head size, extreme values (referred to as ‘small’ and ‘large’ brains) represent the 10% and 90% quantiles, respectively.