Figure 4.

Network structure of the synthetic power grids. (a–c) Increasing q increases both local and global redundancy, i.e., clustering c and algebraic connectivity λ₂; while decreases the average shortest path length d_avg of the network. High r (solid red) favors long distance shortcuts, increasing λ₂ and decreasing c; while small r (green) has the opposite effect. Increased line splitting s (light blue and purple) increases d_avg, especially for low q; while reducing both c and λ₂. The shaded area indicates a realistic regime, corresponding to the range spanned by a set of real networks with more than 500 nodes provided in ref.³⁴. Each data point is an average of 100 independent network realizations with N = 1000 nodes; the error bars indicate the standard error of the mean and are smaller than the markers.