Fig. 1.

The significant changes in cerebral perfusion, brain structure, and connectivity and trophic factors with short-, medium-, and long-term exercise. The findings are characterized by the type of exercise performed: aerobic, resistance, combined, or other (i.e., tai chi). MCA = middle cerebral artery; CBF= cerebral blood flow; BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor-1; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; ACC= anterior cingulate cortex; PFC = prefrontal cortex; rtSTG = right superior temporal gyrus; rtMFG = right medial frontal gyrus; AWM = anterior white matter; MFG = medial frontal gyrus; SFG = superior frontal gyrus; SPL = superior parietal lobules; CA = cornus ammonis