Table 4.
Assessments of AMSTAR and GRADE system
| Outcome | Author | Year | Type of allium vegetables | Population | AMSTAR | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric cancer | Li, Z. Y., et al | 2018 | Garlic or garlic powder | Participants from Asia, Europe, and America | 8 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Low |
| Gastric cancer | Turati, F., et al | 2015 | Onion | Participants from Asia, Europe, and South America | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Gastric cancer | Turati, F., et al | 2015 | Chinese chives | Participants from Asia, Europe, and South America | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Very low |
| Gastric cancer | Turati, F., et al | 2015 | Allium vegetables | Participants from Asia, Europe, and South America | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Very low |
| Colorectal cancer | Chiavarini, M., et al | 2016 | Garlic or garlic supplement | Participants from China, Europe, Argentina, and America | 8 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Low |
| Colorectal cancer | Turati, F., et al | 2014 | Onion | Participants from Asia, Europe, Australia, and North and South America | 7 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Colorectal cancer | Zhu, B. B., et al | 2014 | Allium vegetables | Participants from China, the Netherlands, and America | 8 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Colorectal cancer of male | Chiavarini, M., et al | 2016 | Garlic or garlic supplement | Participants from China, Europe, Argentina, and America | 8 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Colorectal cancer of female | Chiavarini, M., et al | 2016 | Garlic or garlic supplement | Participants from China, Europe, Argentina, and America | 8 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Colon cancer | Chiavarini, M., et al | 2016 | Garlic or garlic supplement | Participants from China, Europe, Argentina, and America | 8 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Rectal cancer | Chiavarini, M., et al | 2016 | Garlic or garlic supplement | Participants from China, Europe, Argentina, and America | 8 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Colorectal adenomatous polyps | Turati, F., et al | 2014 | Allium vegetables | Participants from America | 8 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Upper aerodigestive tract cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Allium vegetables | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Very low |
| Upper aerodigestive tract cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Garlic | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Low |
| Upper aerodigestive tract cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Onion | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Very low |
| Esophagus cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Allium vegetables | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Esophagus cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Garlic | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Esophagus cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Onion | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Head and neck cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Garlic | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Head and neck cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Onion | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Larynx cancer | Guercio, V., et al | 2016 | Onion | Worldwide countries | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Prostate cancer | Zhou, X. F., et al | 2013 | Garlic | Participants from Asia, Europe, Australia, and America | 8 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Prostate cancer | Zhou, X. F., et al | 2013 | Onion | Participants from Asia, Europe, Australia, and America | 8 | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Total cholesterol | Shabani, E., et al | 2018 | Garlic | Patients with dyslipidemia | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Very low |
| HDL | Shabani, E., et al | 2018 | Garlic | Patients with dyslipidemia | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Very low |
| LDL | Shabani, E., et al | 2018 | Garlic | Patients with dyslipidemia | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Very low |
| Triglycerides | Shabani, E., et al | 2018 | Garlic | Patients with dyslipidemia | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Very low |
| Total cholesterola | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Both healthy participants and patients with dyslipidemia | 8 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate |
| HDLa | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Both healthy participants and patients with dyslipidemia | 8 | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | High |
| LDLa | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Both healthy participants and patients with dyslipidemia | 8 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate |
| Triglyceridesa | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Both healthy participants and patients with dyslipidemia | 8 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | None | Moderate |
| Total cholesterol | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Participants with short duration: 2–8 weeks | 8 | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Low |
| Total cholesterol | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Participants with long duration: >8 weeks | 8 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Low |
| Total cholesterol | Ried, K., et al | 2013 | Garlic (powder, oil, garlic extract or raw garlic) | Participants with TC baseline ≤200 mg/dl | 8 | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Low |
| Fasting blood glucose (FBG) | Shabani, E., et al | 2018 | Garlic | Diabetic patients | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Very low |
| FBG | Emami, S., et al | 2017 | Garlic (garlic food or supplement) | Healthy participants | 6 | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Moderate |
| HbA1c | Shabani, E., et al | 2018 | Garlic | Diabetic patients | 7 | Serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| HbA1c | Wang, J., et al | 2017 | Garlic supplement | Type 2 diabetic patients with duration of 12 weeks | 9 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| HbA1c | Wang, J., et al | 2017 | Garlic supplement | Type 2 diabetic patients with duration of 24 weeks | 9 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Serum fructosamine | Wang, J., et al | 2017 | Garlic supplement | Type 2 diabetic patients with duration of 1–2 weeks | 9 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Serum fructosamine | Wang, J., et al | 2017 | Garlic supplement | Type 2 diabetic patients with duration of 3–4 weeks | 9 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Lipoprotein (a) | Sahebkar, A., et al | 2016 | Garlic supplement | Patients with dyslipidemia | 8 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Apolipoprotein B | Zeng, T., et al | 2012 | Garlic | Both healthy and hypercholesterolemic participants | 8 | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Moderate |
| Systolic blood pressure | Ried, K. | 2016 | Garlic (powder, extract or oil) | Both normotensive and hypertensive participants | 6 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Low |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Ried, K. | 2016 | Garlic (powder, extract or oil) | Both normotensive and hypertensive participants | 6 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Low |
| Systolic blood pressure | Ried, K. | 2016 | Garlic (powder, extract or oil) | Hypertensive participants | 6 | Not serious | Not serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Low |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Rohner, A., et al | 2015 | Garlic (powder, extract) | Hypertensive participants | 10 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
| Systolic blood pressure | Ried, K. | 2016 | Garlic (powder, extract or oil) | Normotensive participants | 6 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | Yes | Very low |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Ried, K. | 2016 | Garlic (powder, extract or oil) | Normotensive participants | 6 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Not serious | Yes | Low |
| C‐reactive protein level | Taghizadeh, M., et al | 2018 | Garlic and garlic supplement | Healthy participants or patients of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease | 9 | Not serious | Serious | Not serious | Serious | None | Low |
AMSTAR, a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews; GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation.
a
Patients that requiring cholesterol‐lowering medical treatments were excluded.