Table 1.
Characteristics and results of the included studies
| Author, year | Country | No. of nocturnal HD (NHD) pts | Frequency of NHD treatment | Study design, control group | Follow-up duration, months | Male % | Age, years | Assessment and outcome | Effects NHD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Performance capacity tests | |||||||||
| Hall, 2012 [22] | USA, Canada | 45 | 6 times/wk., ≥6 h | RCT, CHD controls | 12 | 64 | 52 ± 14 | Short physical performance battery (SPPB), scale 1 to 12 |
Change SPPB score after 12 mo NHD: 8.1 ± 2.8 to 7.8 ± 3.4. Adjusted mean change in 12 mo NHD: − 0.92 ± 0.44 vs control group: − 0.41 ± 0.43, p = 0.41. |
| Chan, 2007 [29] | Canada | 13 | 5–6 times/wk., 6–8 h | Prospective cohort, healthy controls | 6 | 85 | 41 ± 3 | Exercise duration in seconds and capacity expressed as % of the predicted VO2peak | Change in exercise duration after 3–6 mo NHD: 617 ± 50 vs 682 ± 55, p = 0.03, VO2peak: 66 ± 8 vs 75 ± 6, p = 0.05. Healthy controls at baseline: exc. Duration: 722 ± 53, VO2peak: 90 ± 4. |
| Eps, 2010 [24] | Australia | 63 | 3–5 times/wk., 6–10 h | Prospective cohort, no controls | 12 | 79 | 52 ± 13 | 6-min walk test (6MWT) in meters | Change 6MWT after 6 mo NHD: 513 m vs 536.5 m, p = 0.007. |
| Lean mass assessments | |||||||||
| Kayson, 2012 [23] | USA, Canada | 45 | 6 times/wk., ≥6 h | RCT, CHD controls | 12 | 64 | 52 ± 14 | Lean body mass (LBM) in kilograms by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) |
Mean change LBM after 12 mo NHD: 47.4 ± 12.5 to 48.2 ± 12.0. Adjusted mean change in 12 mo NHD: − 0.49 ± 0.63 vs control group: − 0.04 ± 0.61, p = 0.61. |
| Torigoe, 2016 [30] | Japan | 8 | 3 times/wk., 8 h | Prospective cohort, CHD controls | 2 | 100 | 45 ± 3 | Skeletal muscle mass (SMM), lean body mass (LBM) in kilograms by BIA | Change in SMM after 2 mo NHD: 17 g increase. LBM: 20 g increase after 2 mo NHD, ‘significant’ (no p-value). |
| Ipema, 2014 [28] | Netherlands | 11 | 4–6 times/wk., 8 h | Prospective cohort, CHD controls | 12 | 55 | 41 (36–51) | Fat-free mass (FFM) in kilograms by Dual-energy X-ray (DXA) | Change FFM after 12 mo NHD: 52.3 ± 8.3 to 50.9 ± 8.50, p = 0.095. Change control group: 53.5 ± 8.1 to 52.4 ± 7.6. |
| Pellicano, 2010 [26] | Australia | 28 | 3–5 times/wk., 8 h | Cross-sectional, matched, CHD controls | – | 86 | 49 ± 11 | SMM in kilograms by DXA | Change in SMM in NHD: 26.3 ± 4.16 vs control group: 25.6 ± 5.61, p = 0.65. |