Table 4.

Literature regarding hip-spacer complications

Study	No. of patients	Spacer type	Spacer mechanical complications	Overall	Outcome after reimplantation
Duncan et al. (1993) [12]	13	PROSTALAC	3 dislocations	23%	1 allograft nonunion (8%) 1 loose Lord ring (8%) 2 heterotopic bones (15%)
Ivarsson et al. (1994) [26]	5	Hand-made	1 dislocation 1 subtrochanteric fracture	40%	–
Leunig et al. (1998) [18]	12	Hand-made	5 dislocations 1 spacer fracture	50%	–
Younger et al.(1998) [3]	29 (30 spacers)	PROSTALAC	3 dislocations	10%	1 extrusion of cement into knee (3%) 1 recurrent infection (3%) 2 recurrent dislocations (7%) 2 allograft nonunions (7%) 1 loose Lord ring (3%) 3 prosthesis migrations (10%)
Magnan et al. (2001) [27]	10	Mold	1 dislocation	10%	–
Koo et al. (2001) [28]	22	Mold	1 femur iatrogenic fracture	5%	1 recurrent infection (5%) 2 peroneal nerve palsies (9%) 1 greater trochanteric non-union (5%) 3 heterotopic ossifications (14%)
Durbhakula et al. (2004) [14]	20	Mold	2 dislocations 2 spacer fractures	20%	–
Hsieh et al. (2004) [4]	58	Mold	2 dislocations 2 spacer fractures	7%	2 recurrent infections (3%) 1 dislocation (2%)
Jung et al. (2009) [13]	82 (88 spacers)	Mold	15 spacer dislocations 9 spacer fractures 12 femoral fractures	40.9%	16 dislocations (23%)
Faschingbauer et al. (2015) [15]	138	93 mold 45 hand-made	12 dislocations 12 spacer fractures 1 femoral fracture 1 spacer fracture-dislocation 1 spacer protrusion into pelvis	19.5%	–
This study	35	Mold	6 dislocations 3 spacer fractures 1 spacer fracture-dislocation 4 femoral fractures	40%	3 recurrent infections 1 dislocation 1 greater trochanteric non-union