Table 1.
Components of the RAS are expressed in tumors.
| RAS component | Expression in tissue | Tumor types and references |
|---|---|---|
| Pro-renin receptor | Increased expression | Endometrial cancer (58) |
| Angiotensinogen | Increased expression | Lung cancer (59) |
| ACE | Increased expression | Prostate cancer (60), gastric cancer (61), endometrial cancer (58) |
| Polymorphism correlated with metastases | Gastric cancer (62) | |
| ATIIR1 | Deficiency reduces tumor growth and angiogenesis | Melanoma (63), sarcoma (64), lung cancer (65), fibrosarcoma (66) |
| Increased expression | Pancreatic cancer (67), ovarian cancer (68), prostate cancer (60), astrocytoma (69), breast cancer (70), renal clear cell carcinoma (71) | |
| Expression associated with disease progression | Ovarian cancer (68) | |
| Expression associated with poor survival | Intestinal type gastric cancer (72), astrocytoma (69) | |
| ATIIR2 | Deficiency increases tumor growth | Pancreatic cancer (73) |
| Increased expression | Gastric cancer (61), endometrial cancer (58) | |
| Reduced expression | Lung cancer (59) | |
| Expression associated with poor survival | Astrocytoma (69), renal clear cell carcinoma (71) | |
| Cathepsin B | Expression associated with poor survival | Gastric cancer (74) |
| Cathepsin D | Increased expression | Hepatocarcinoma (75), melanoma (76), colorectal cancer (77), prostate cancer (78) |
| Expression increases metastasis | Liver metastases (79, 80) | |
| Expression associated with poor survival | Breast cancer (81–84) |