Table 2.

β-blockers inhibit tumorigenesis in cell and animal models.

Drug name	Effect in tumor models or cell lines	Tumor types and references
Propranolol	Inhibition of growth and proliferation	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (89), breast cancer (90, 91), neuroblastoma (92), angiosarcoma (55, 93), melanoma (94–97), pancreatic cancer cells (98), gastric cancer cells (99, 100), neuroblastoma cells (92), hemangioendothelioma cells (93), angiosarcoma cells (55, 93), colorectal cancer cells (101), melanoma cells (94, 96), breast cancer cells (102), liver cancer cells (103), prostate cancer cells (104)
	Inhibition of migration	Colon carcinoma cells (105), breast cancer cells (106)
	Inhibition of invasion	Ovarian cancer cells (107), pancreatic cancer cells (108)
	Inhibition of metastasis	Prostate cancer (109), melanoma (95)
	Prolonged survival of tumor-bearing animals	Neuroblastoma (92)
Carvedilol	Inhibition of growth and proliferation	Neuroblastoma and neuroblastoma cells (92)
Nebivolol	Inhibition of growth and proliferation	Neuroblastoma and neuroblastoma cells (92)